Arctic cap melting

The article voices worries over the phenomenal quick pace of Arctic top dissolving. Be that as it may, the liquefying procedure itself presents lesser risk to the Earth biological system as contrasted and the input components Arctic ice is engaged with. These criticism components add to a dangerous atmospheric devation in three unmistakable ways.As ice liquefies, the domain of untamed sea waters increments. Water has lower reflectivity, or albedo, when contrasted with ice. This reality involves that water assimilates 80 percent more sun based radiation than ocean ice does.â Thus, the sun warms the sea all the more rapidly, and this procedure brings about an endless loop accelerating worldwide warming.The second way ice dissolving quickens environmental change is related with the way that seas ingest about a large portion of the carbon dioxide that people discharge into the air. However their capacity to assimilate carbon dioxide is decreased by the expansion in ocean’s tempe rature in light of the fact that the gas breaks down less promptly in hotter water. Moreover, warming of seas infers less blending among profound and surface waters †the procedure that gives supplements to microscopic fish that assimilate carbon dioxide.Finally, ice softening involves spoiling of natural issue contained in the permafrost. This procedure includes the arrival of carbon dioxide and methane into the Earth air. Warming likewise influences wetlands and backwoods drying up peat swamps and causing bug invasion that slaughters pine forest.More out of control fires happen in dead or biting the dust woodlands, and the procedure of ignition discharges immense amounts of carbon into the atmosphere.All these disturbing signs require an assembled and reliable activity by every ecological extremist and everybody excited about sparing our planet.

Curriculum Development for Inclusive Practice Essay

Educational plan Development for comprehensive practice Curriculum is characterized as the accompanying; a particular outline for discovering that is gotten from substance and execution measures. Educational plan takes substance and shapes it into an arrangement for powerful instructing and learning. Along these lines, educational plan is in excess of a general system, it is a particular arrangement with recognized exercises in a fitting structure and grouping for coordinating instructing (Wiggins and McTighe, 1998). The word ‘curriculum’ is really a Latin word for ‘racecourse’. Educational plan is the exercises that students will embrace to accomplish their learning objectives. The arranging, students experience and request in which it happens are all piece of the educational plan. There are a gigantic and huge measure of components that help shape an educational plan. There are a wide range of strategies and ways to deal with the plan and execution of educational plan and a great deal is dependant on the teachers’ approach of it. In the realm of preparing, the educational plan can structured around the goals of the customers particulars. More often than not educational plan depends on the authoritative needs of learning and destinations, for instance, their educational program. Endorsement from outside organizations, for instance, granting bodies give endorsement for the capability to be conveyed. The granting bodies flexibly the prospectus or direction which gives the instructor the data and system for conveyance and evaluation of the topic. Outside offices may give financing now and again and in this case the course might be given once the subsidizing has been accomplished. Inside the preparation in-house part of educating, it is typically the business and individual needs’ that sets the benchmark for the necessity of bespoke instructional classes. In house preparing/instructing provide food for the necessities of the staff and in the dominant part a great deal of the courses accomplished by the students don't prompt proper capabilities. In the entirety of the above cases the association will gracefully the prospectus or course substance to shape the educational program. On the off chance that the schedule or course content isn't accessible the educator should build up their own based around the subject that must be conveyed. The point of the instructors is to distinguish the adapting needs, styles and the capability of the students, this needs’ to be accomplished at the before the beginning of the understudies learning. For instance of this a school’s educational program involves both legal components (counting the National Curriculum, strict training and professions instructions) and non legal components (needs characterized by the school). A territory where there will be a criticalness of correspondence and decent variety in the structure of the educational plan would be youngsters with multi-tangible impedances. One of the major standards of the code of training is that all kids, incorporating those with exceptional instructive needs ought to be offered full access to an expansive, adjusted and pertinent training. This is the thing that the national educational program was intended to give. A few kids who are multi-tactile disabled will follow the National Curriculum, as a rule with extra help. Others will follow an adjusted type of it. Still others will follow progressively particular formative educational programs which will incorporate showing a kid things that non-debilitated kids definitely know when they start school. Indeed, even kids who follow a similar educational plan as non-incapacitated companions, in any case, will for the most part need extra components due to their tangible disability. These may identify with: * versatility aptitudes, correspondence, tactile turn of events or different viewpoints explicitly influenced by hard of hearing visual deficiency * treatment needs †for instance, physiotherapy * ideas generally adapted unexpectedly †for instance, the relational and freedom abilities utilized at break or dinner times All instructors alter the educational program so as to meet the scope of adapting needs in their group. Kids who are multi-tactile debilitated are probably going to require the educational program adjusted on an individual premise, on the grounds that each child’s blend of hearing impedance, visual hindrance, different incapacities and learning attributes will be extraordinary. There are numerous models which influence the conveyance of educational program, manner by which an instructor must accomplish the final product, ought to and could convey to the students. For instance, the item model spotlights colossally on the results of a course. The item model is likewise alluded to as the social destinations model. A model could be of a medical aid course, the instructor needs to encourage what must be educated so as to encourage the students to pass. Preparing in the work environment is especially sharpened to the item/social model of educational plan improvement. The educator center dominatingly around what must be instructed as opposed to concentrating on what ought to or could be shown The conduct model of learning focuses on the quantifiable result of educational program. The benefits of the conduct model are that there is ordinarily a general proclamation of plan and this is ideally guaranteeing evasion of ambiguity. The appraisal procedure is in reality increasingly exact. The learning ought to be bit by bit and it should concentrate on the recently learned material. Ralph Tyler (1971) expressed that there is a rule for educational plan advancement that the cooperating impacts of sorted out grant, the student, and society ought to give the predominant source and impact for educational program improvement. Tyler composed his model into four basic inquiries, which he expressed ought to be replied when planning educational program: 1. What are your educational plan points and destinations? Which learning encounters meet these points and goals 3. By what method can these realizing encounters be sorted out into an educational plan program? 4. By what method would this be able to program be assessed? The Tyler hypothesis to date is the most powerful model of all in readiness of educational program, the necessities of society at the hour of improvement and the requirements of the student at the hour of advancement should be basic. The consistently developing social brain research of our general public must be represented, precisely what are the instructive purposes waiting be achieved. The center ought to be identified with past learning and encounters and after break down the variables how is the educational plan configuration going to include and accomplish the goals that might not have been reached beforehand. The way of thinking of training will significantly influence a student’s life. It is giving the establishments, the parts of information and social encounters are expected to improve learner’s fates. A model could be of preparing, the various settings and mutli-social workforce will have a minor departure from the educational program. The educational program should be planned in organization with the businesses, so a competency system will be met. Points and goals should set inside in the competency system which after some time changes with enactment and guidelines. The learning encounters should sorted out into the educational plan and profundity, multifaceted nature of the subject, guaranteeing that it covers all degrees of learner’s achievement. At that point course should be assessed, by what method will the course be assessed and the key destinations accomplished? Straightforwardly the Tyler hypothesis by and by is the most idiot proof plan of educational program. The educational plan can be abstract and not entirely clear. Needs investigation past to structure of educational program is basic, the discoveries ought to be summed up and ought to plan some portion of the educational program advancement documentation, which is practice is phenomenal in the event that you have the pertinent data preceding course conveyance. The universe of preparing can be impromptu and mentors are not generally conscious of this data. Be that as it may, the social model methodology has gotten analysis. One of the contentions against the social model is that the ‘affective domain’ can't be considered satisfactorily as far as explicit practices. The full of feeling space depicts learning targets that stress an inclination tone, a feeling, or a level of acknowledgment or dismissal, along these lines it can't be surveyed satisfactorily and the conduct model will debilitate ‘creativity’ with respect to both student and educator. In the 1980’s behaviorism was supplanted by the humanistic way to deal with educational plan structure and usage. The procedure model focuses on course content, important information and abilities that can be learnt and applied. This model spotlights on teacher’s exercises, the conditions wherein the learning happens and the student exercises. A model could incorporate when an individual pays for their course of study. The student would get the advantage of what ‘must’ and ‘should’ be secured just as ‘what’ could be conveyed. Stenhouse (1975) cited the English word reference when characterizing educational program as ‘a course; particularly an ordinary course of study as at school or university’. More often than not the course structure/educational plan is the thing that the administering bodies have chosen ought to be instructed. The sets what precisely as educators ahead of time what realizing will be arranged, accomplished and what objectives ought to be created to the oppressed being instructed. Stenhouse tested the view that educators should be objective in their perspective on educational plan, reasonable even, to guarantee that there is a harmony between the ‘intentions and realities’ that the educational plan configuration will get the best results for their understudies. He draws examinations the procedure of educational plan with respect to a formula in cookery, the formula is followed and the outcome would be a dish. In principle this can be an attempted and tried, for instance, how to you know whether the educational plan configuration has accomplished all the training objectives until the there is an assessment toward the finish of the course? What number of pass evaluations and what number of disappointments. Like creation a cake it doesn’t consistently rise the way you’d wished it to. Regularly when preparing

Economics in Asia-Pacific Region

Economics in Asia-Pacific Region Current Economic Issues in the Asia-Pacific Region Home›Economics Posts›Current Economic Issues in the Asia-Pacific Region Economics PostsIntroductionThe economy of most Asia pacific region countries has recently seen a boost in its growth placing it among the fastest growing economy in the world. This growth has however been accompanied by various issues such as inflation and an issue of low currency exchange rate in some countries compared to the US or other EU countries. Countries such as Philippines and Vietnam have suffered low currency power and a risk of inflation when the economy is not monitored and regulated. This paper seeks to examine some current issues faced by the economies of major countries in the Asia pacific region (Hawke, 2009).Trade issueTrade between countries such as the US or other EU countries with Asia pacific region especially China has been under economists attack due to various policies which are viewed as halting trade and economic growth as a whole . Taking china as an example, the Chinese government has had a policy of halting the currency appreciation against the dollar. Such actions are mostly followed by Chinese exports to the US being cheap whiles imports from US to china are relatively expensive. Due to this fact, the economy of china gradually falls and trade between china and the US is affected not mentioning the long run effect of imbalances in the global economy (Envall, 2010).The Obama administration have discussed   the low rate of china’s currency appreciation under   the fast exports increase in China and trade overload over the past year in an effort to urge China to speed up the rate of currency appreciation in order to balance the global economic trade (Envall, 2010). With the rise in cost of importation in china, the economy and growth of economy in the whole Asia pacific region is greatly affected which could lead to other countries suffering due to hindrance of the global economy recovery.The trade issue in the Asia Pacific Region also extends to the export materials from these countries. Clothes and electronics are the most common commodity exports from the Asia Pacific countries and a need to diversify the export material is becoming louder each day. Countries such as Vietnam and Philippines are much affected by the lack of a diversified economy though their exports income has continually improved their GDP still remains low compared to other countries (Hawke, 2009).The issue of use of different currency has lead to some relative economic problems in terms of trade in the Asia pacific region. These issues have caused some currencies such as the Vietnam Dong and Philippine’s currency to float in the global market and thus a slow economic growth. In comparison to the EU (European Union) a common currency for this case the Euro, helps in trade affairs across borders and through this, a common free trade area is achieved which helps the economies of such countries to grow. This brin gs in the idea that an open economy is the fastest growing economy.Countries in the Asia Pacific region are also faces by an issue of almost similar energy supply and demand. An example is the case of Indonesia and china whose energy supply and demands are met by petroleum resources and coal resources respectively. In this context, an energy crisis in one country would indirectly or directly lead to effects in the other country’s exports and earnings and consequently the general economy in this country is affected (Envall, 2010).   Petroleum products in Indonesia are the major exports while as china will soon be a leading exporter of coal. With this in mind, an effect in one country’s energy source affecting the other will have a major impact on each country’s economySecurity issuesEconomic environment is supposed to be one that should facilitate sound and safe economic growth. With the rising cost of terrorism in the world and nuclear threats, economies in most Asia Pacific r egion countries are at risk of being victims of depressed economy or economic sanctions from other states such the US. The threat of terrorism has hindered regional integration in various corporations such as the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) and therefore their economic growth is affected. With this issue comes a need to establish better economic environments that are conducive for economic growth as well as regional participation in trade and other economic activities.Through the introduction of corporations such as APEC better environments in which economies can prosper are easily created and it also helps in enabling trade between various countries that is, it helps in trade liberalization and subsequent improvement of economies in all beneficial countries (Hawke, 2009). The corporation recently held a meeting to identify ways of fostering regional security in an effort to improve regional trade and integration. Another aim of the APEC meeting was to stabilize trade f lows between the regional members and in this activity, the sought to establish better trading terms and assimilate other regional countries faced by the problem of insecurity.In other countries which are not in the Asia pacific region for instance EU and the United States, the issue of terrorism and insecurity has posed a great threat to free trade organizations and regional trade corporation as well. Countries involved with terrorism and other security threats face risks of sanctions and are not allowed to participate in trade with other regional members.Economic stabilityA current major economic issue facing a lot of countries in the Asia pacific region can be drawn from the political and economic stability idea. Politics in any given country usually reflect or have consequences in the economy of that country. When the political grounds of a country are characterized with rampart corruption, the economy also reflects deficient efforts and the country is bound to struggle to meet the demands of its citizens.This is also the case in Asia pacific region in countries such as Vietnam and Korea. A stable government is also characterized by a stable economy and low risks of inflation. Korea has in most cases been involved in nuclear threats and these activities have contributed to destabilization of the Korean government and consequently a reduction in economic growth due to less economic activities with other neighboring countries in the regions such as Japan as well as economic sanctions (Hawke, 2009). This and other activities contribute to economic crisis that are associated with unstable governments.In other cases such as in Vietnam, inefficient and incompetent governments are cited as the leading contributors to the problem of inflation. Vietnam today faces the problem of wealth distribution whereby the vast population of Vietnamese are poor while as only a small percentage is extremely rich. Under these circumstances, inflation is bound to be experienced or a low currency exchange power of the Vietnam dong. Consequently, trade and other economic activities between done by these countries are either inefficient or expensive to sustain and therefore its economy faces a risk of depression.Also associated with the issue of instability is the lack of employment. Asian pacific region faces an issue of increase in unemployment especially countries such as India. In this context, the cost of production for various commodities increases and the profit margins are narrowed. The country is therefore not in a position to participate in trade activities beneficially with other regional countries and therefore faces an economic crisis on labor and trade provision (Envall, 2010).ConclusionThe Asia pacific region is today faced by vast issues which can be summarized in the above discussion. Though the region’s majority countries are characterized by a GDP that is lower than the one in countries such as in EU region, they can boost of a rapid growin g economy that is expected to overshadow some issues that have faced the region for a while such as low currency power against the dollar and Euro (Envall, 2010).

Ecotourism Local Singapore - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4089 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? A Case study of: Pulau Ubin Island, Singapore Introduction Background Many developing countries frequently use ecotourism as an excellent tool for promoting sustainable development. In many instance, ecotourism is suitable way to protect natural environment and create socio and economic benefit for the local community. What David Weaver says that interest in ecotourism is rationalized among tourism planners and marketers by number of potential assumption regarding sectors environmental, economic and socio cultural benefits (Weaver 1999). There are some ecotourism projects that support to the local community. On the other hand, many ecotourism projects have failed to address some fundamental issues and dont generate the very benefits that are expected to provide by ecotourism. Economic gain of ecotourism may turn into social and environmental damages when inadequately planned and implemented it. Anyhow, ecotourism has continued to gain popularity over the two decades and has developed into worldwide phenomena that show no signs of slowing down. The fact is that ecotourism is one of the rapid growing sectors in the tourism industry (Sharpley 2003). The demand for ecotourism is increasing at an annual rate of 10 to 30 percent (TIES 2000). In this circumstance, it is important to recognize possible physical environment, socio-cultural and economic impacts and its effectiveness as a strategy for sustainable development. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ecotourism Local Singapore" essay for you Create order Problem statement There are lot of negative impact on the environment and local community due to unsustainable planning and management of ecotourism (Honey 1999). In rural areas, managing and controlling the development of ecotourism may be somewhat complex because of lack of experiences on the subject of the carrying capacity of the host destination. Therefore, it is necessary to have an assessment of potential physical environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impact of ecotourism for the planning of sustainable ecotourism development in an area. Further Analyzing the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for sustainable development of a particular area is important to carry on development activities in future. In that way, Pulau Ubin doesnt experience rapid urbanization like other parts of Singapore. Still it has its own nature and unspoiled environment. But, Singapore government implements several ecotourism development projects on this small island right now. Those projects are so much problema tic and controversial. There are strong voices regarding environmental protection of the Island. Thus, indentifying potential impacts of ecotourism and its compatibility for sustainable development must be studied in Pulau Ubin Island Singapore. Justification of the study According to available literature, ecotourism is growing rapidly in Singapore (Herbig). At the same time, one of the problems regarding ecotourism is that it is developed without satisfying knowledge of the impacts on local environments. It is a rather new type of tourism and yet there are few clear papers written in this field particularly about Pulau Ubin. Therefore, it is better studying about potential physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impact of ecotourism and its compatibility for sustainable development in Pulau Ubin Island Singapore. Therefore this research attempts to fulfill these objectives as much as possible. Objectives of the research and research question Objectives of this research are To assess possible physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism To investigate the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. The following research question will be used to address the purposes of the research What kind of impacts are on the physical environment, economic and socio-cultural due to development of ecotourism? What sort of factors should be taken into account before introducing ecotourism in the Pulau Ubin Island? How ecotourism can be utilized as a tool for local sustainable development Study Area Pulau ubin is the second the largest, first one is Pulau Tekong, offshore island of Singapore. It is located in the strait of johor just opposite to Changi. Pulau Ubin has been described as being boomerang shaped. Pulau Ubin is about 8 Km length and 1.3 to 1.7 Km breadth with the area of 10.3 Km2. It is almost flat land. The highest point is Puaka hill. It is around 74m height from sea level. Pulau Sekudu or Frog Island (opposite Chek Jawa), and Pulau Ketam (opposite Ubin Lagoon Resort) are the two major offshore islets which are very near to the Pulau Ubin. There are several rivers which are meandering through Pulau Ubin in which Sungei Besar and Sungei Mamam are the main rivers. Pulau Ubin is made up mostly of granite. This controls the much of the activities of the island. Especially the name Pulau Ubin arises from this crucial geological structure. Pulau Ubin doesnt experience rapid urbanization and industrialization like main land of Singapore. Still it has its own traditional w ay of living. Most of the people inhabit with the scattered settlement model. Major portion of the population around two third is Chinese and rest is Indians and malays. Major activities of income are subsistence farming, commercial fishing and net-cage fisheries, prawn farming, coconut plantations and so on. This small island is very popular for leisure and recreation activities among local and international tourist. (https://www.wildsingapore.com/ubin/places/geography.htm). Figure 01 Map of the Study Area Methodology Research design Research design helps researcher to decide research approach. That is to say, either qualitative or quantitative or the combination of both. Further, research design put a basic for analyzing the collected data. This will lead the researcher to think of time availability, practical problems and so on (Kitchin and Tate 2000). There are no specific rules and regulations as to how to develop research design. When Kitchin and Tate (2000) point out regarding research design, it is very difficult to give a guideline as to how to design a research. Most of the time, research design is the outcome of the knowledge and imagination of the researcher (Kitchin and Tate 2000). This means, research design comes from researchers own view and judgment. Selection of the research methods will vary according to the nature of the research. Besides, a research method depends on the research problem, research question and experiences of researcher. Accordingly, I adopt qualitative methods in this research to perform well. A literature review will be done to get more information regarding this study. In fact, Secondary data will be used as a supportive data to the primary data. In this research, qualitative methods will be used as key method to get information since this is going to deal with environmental, Economic and socio cultural impact of the ecotourism. Most part of the research may deal with community based activities. Justification of the methodology The qualitative method that I choose in my research is based on the nature of the study. This research partially deals with social aspect. Therefore, qualitative method is considered more suitable to assess possible physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism. Crang (2002) points out that Qualitative approaches have enabled the study of, and emphasized the importance of, seeing economic activity as a set of lived practices, assumptions and codes of behavior. Further, Qualitative method is used to understand the lived experience and to reflect on it and sharing the meaning of everyday social world and realities (Limb and Dwyer 2001). In addition, qualitative method is used to collect about the activities, behavior and problems that the people face in their daily context. Further, qualitative methodology is considered as good to study about the diverse view of the stakeholders in the ecotourism since it involves with many different stakeholders interest. W hen we are more stick on the multiple meaning, representation then qualitative methodology is useful one (Limb and Dwyer 2001). Further, qualitative methods will help me to make sure the date that I am going to obtain from different interview in the field. In fact, qualitative methods have its unique features as I mentioned above. But there are certain limitations in the qualitative methods. For instance, sometimes it may be bias. That is to say, there is possibility to have researchers influence in the finding of the research. When many researchers use qualitative methods in their research, theme may be same, but interpretation of the same theme will be in different point of view according to researchers background. When Kvale (1996) points out regarding researchers bias, he says that, there is lack of objectivity in the qualitative research. Objectivity means here is freedom from being bias. There is another critique about qualitative methods that, information for the research use to collect from very small amount of respondents. Therefore it will not represent whole population or the society. Data Types, Sources and Collection This research will be contained both primary and secondary data. Most of the researches and other articles which are related to the study will be reviewed as secondary data. For instance, previous research about the Pulau Ubin Island. Basically, both primary and secondary data will be used to prove the objective of the research. Secondary data will be functioned as more supportive data to the primary data. Methodology of research Methodologically, this study will be carried out in three phases. Phase I concerns the literature reviews. This will be accomplished through searching literature on tourism and ecotourism to discover the possible impacts of ecotourism on visited destinations. The literature review covers books, articles, and website data which will be systematically assessed to identify the three major areas of economic, socio-cultural, and physical environmental impacts on eco-tourist destinations and ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. Primary factors of above mentioned areas will be identified that influence of ecotourism developments and their impacts on the local levels. Phase II applies the factors elaborated upon in Phase I to assess the Pulau Ubin Island. This will be done by using the data that I am going to collect in Pulau Ubin Island during the summer of 2008. The data collection will include observations, interviews with elected officials and some governmental and private business entities, tourists (if possible both international and national tourist) and some secondary data sources. Phase III these data will be assessed according to the identified factors for two purposes: first, to assess possible physical environment, Economic and Socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism in Pulau Ubin Island; second, to look into the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. Sample selection Respondents will be selected by using snowball sampling methods to address the research question and objective of the study. Snowball sampling methods will help the researcher understanding of the problem and research question. For example, key informants will be selected based on their professional status to get more and more relevant information. Tourists will be selected randomly including local tourist. This will diminish some kind of inconveniences to the researcher. Primary data will be collected through around 30 semi-structured interviews that will conduct with 30 people from June 15th to August 15th 2008. These interviews include: 14 villagers, 3 owners of restaurant, 2 employees of the restaurant, 4 employees from companies that are working in the study area, a person from central environmental authority of Singapore, a person from Ministry of Environment of Singapore and 5 tourists (both international and local). Therefore a total of 30 interviews will be conducted and analyzed as part of this research. Semi-structured Key informant and individual interviews In this research, primary and data will be gathered by using semi structure interview and direct observation. Semi structured interviews will be used to collect data from both individual and key informants. Semi structured interviews acts as an effective tool for collecting basic information stakeholders regarding ecotourism. Qualitative methods are methodologically appealing because they allow a wide range of experiences to be documented, voices to be heard, representations to be made and interpretations to be extracted. Open ended qualitative interviews are, after all, the obvious way of allowing people to speak for themselves about their own view and experiences of the world (Limb and Dwyer 2001). When we have interviews it generates lots of information very quickly. So it helps researchers to handle lot of topics of the research at a time. Sometimes, qualitative interview helps us to clarify the problems raised by the interviewer. Always interviews are really good for studying pe oples understanding of meaning, describing their experiences, clarifying their own perspective on their day to day live (Kvale 1996). There are certain critiques on the in-depth and semi structured interviews. That is to say, in-depth and semi structured interviews are very much dependent on the skill of the interviewer. This means, amount of the expected data is based on the expression of the interviewer and how interviewer interacts with informant. In many instance, interview may divert into another direction due to the skill of argument or interest of the informant and sometime there is chance to mislead the interviewer by the key informant (Mikkelsen 2005). This is also one of the disadvantages of having interviews. In the in-depth interviews, it is very difficult to keep important question from omitting that can address our research objectives. Always researcher has to be very careful on the topic and related question when he conducts interviews. Good interviews require expertise in both subject matter and interaction (Kvale 1996). In addition, flexibility of researcher in sequences and words of the interview may affect the result of the informant namely there may be different answers from the different perspective (Mikkelsen 2005). All interviews in this research will be carried out with take into account all of these strength and weakness of the interview. Interview guides are formulated to conduct these interviews (see appendix 01). Participant Observation Other than interviews, participant observation will also be engaged. Participant observation activities contain living with a family in the community, working with them and spending time to understand their activities, behaviors and so on (Laurier 2003). In that way there are possibilities to attain in tourism activities, and meetings of local residents in Puau Ubin Singapore. Participant observation will be used to harmonize and support the interview process in three ways; first, it yields insights that assist in the formulation of questions for interviews. Second, it makes easy relationships with local residents. Finally, participant observation offers the opportunity to confirm or question the information gained through interviews. When Smith (2001) points out there are lots of thing that can only be obtained through participant observation. Participant observation and interviews are not separate activities, but mutually informative methods. When Kitchin and Tate (2000) point out that direct observation is an inductive method to obtain fruitful information. It is important to note, however, that in this research the interviews are the primary source of data, while participant observation plays a supporting role. Data analysis Data of this research will be analyzed according to the theoretical frame work and objective and research questions of this research. The collected data in this study will also be analyzed according to the theoretical framework of the research. The collected date from interviews will be transcribed and coded into theme in relation to the concept, theory and interviewees response and researchers observations. In addition, secondary data will be analyzed by using text analysis. Use of the secondary date will help us to get more understanding of ground situation of the field. Validity and reliability In qualitative research, validity and reliability are two most important factors that should be taken into account when designing, analyzing and evaluating quality of the research. Conclusion of the qualitative research should be very strong and natural to accept it without further doubt or confusion (Kitchin and Tate 2000). There should not be bias in order to get validity and reliability in qualitative research. Validity in qualitative research is a tool to make sure the logical order, foundation, and soundness of the research (Kitchin and Tate 2000). Validity depends on the nature of the theme that we investigated in the field (Kvale 1996). Normally, validity in qualitative research means that true and certain of findings. It can be motioned in anther way that validity measures the truthful of how far reached its intended objectives. Researcher uses series of question to maximize the validity of the research. Each question should be justified in relation to the objectives and rese arch questions of the research to establish validity. Most of the time, validity interlink with empirical knowledge of the subject and area of the research. Reliability is some sort of trustworthiness of the research and findings. Validity and reliability are the two side of a coin because there is no reliability without validity. Presentation of validity will be good enough to reliability later. Patton (2002) says that ability and skill of the researcher in a qualitative research will have major influence on the validity and reliability. In addition reliability will depend on the respondents answer. Form instance, some informant will be reluctant to answer for some sort of question and sometimes they give sort of wrong or biased information. Therefore this will reduce the level of reliability of the study. I have planned to use a combination of qualitative methods to minimize the risk of bias. I will use both semi structured and direct observation to collect primary data. It helps me to crosscheck the data that I am going to collect in the field. I will keep my position as research student and try my best to convince my respondents. And also I will follow the ethical concept of conducting research. Further, snowball sampling method that I am going to use in this research will help me to get more correct or useful informant. This will increase validity and reliability of this research. Besides, there may be some kind of short comes in the date collection and interpretation. It is extremely not easy to avoid some unexpected incidents in the field. I as a researcher will try my best to keep validity and reliability of this research. Limitations Since Ecotourism and sustainable development is a broad topic, it is difficult to include all aspects. Therefore this research has been limited to identifying potential environmental, social and economical impacts of ecotourism and also, analyzing the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. The study area has been limited to an Island to have in-depth study. Field work period is limited to two months. Researcher (me) may face some kind of language barrier in the field. Most of them speak Chinese. But there are people who speak either Tamil or English. Therefore, I hope that I would be able to manage it. Since the study area is very new for the researcher, it may consume few days to get familiar with the area and people. Reference Crang, M. (2002) Qualitative methods: the new orthodoxy? Progress in Human Geography 26, 5 pp. 647-655. Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Kitchin, R. and Tate, N. J. (2000). Conducting Research in Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice, Pearson Education Limited, Essex. Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, Lund. Legends of Ubin [Online]// Wildsingapore web site. 2003. 03 15, 2008. https://www.wildsingapore.com/ubin/places/geography.htm. Limb, M. and Dwyer, C. (2001). Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers: Issues and Debates. Oxford University Press, New York. Mikkelsen, B, (2005). Methods for Development Work and Research: A new guide for practitioners, SAGA Publications, New Delhi. Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.), Sage Publication, London. Paul Herbig, P( ?) CULTURE Influlences ON ECOTOURISM PARTICIPATION Marketing and the Environment Lecture Series Lecture 4: available at www.herbigandsons.com/lecture/Ecotourism.doc reviewed on 2008/04/21. Sharpley, R. (2003). Tourism: Tourists Society, ELM publication,Cambridgeshire. Smith, V. L., and Eadington, W. R. (ed) (1992). Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism, New York, John Wiley. The International Ecotourism Society, (2000) Ecotourism Statistical Fact Sheet, Journal of Travel Research. Available at https://www.ecotourism.org/WebModules/WebMember/MemberApplication/onlineLib/MemberApplication/onlineLib/Uploaded/Ecotourism%20Factsheet%202000.pdf reviewed on 2008/04/21. Weaver, D. B. (1999). Magnitude of Ecotourism in Costa Rica and Kenya, Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 792-816. Appendixes Appendix I Interview guide Individual Interview guide 01 Individual questions Your occupation? Your age? How long you are living in this area? What kind of economic benefits you gain from ecotourism in this island? What is your experience with ecotourism? Are you working in the tourism industry in this island? What economic activities are undertaken by your family members? What is your average income per month? How does ecotourism support you to improve standard of living? What is your perception on ecotourism in this island? General questions Is there any impact in this island due to ecotourism? Is there unemployment problem in this island? Could you observe any impacts on local employment in this island after set up ecotourism? How do the economic benefits from ecotourism support the services to the island? Most villagers are involved in which aspects of ecotourism? How do the villagers utilize their natural resources to support tourism? What are the local attitudes about sustainable ecotourism? What does the island still need to support sustainable ecotourism? How has the villagers quality of life been influenced by the advent of tourism? What are the negative impacts caused by tourism on the island? Key informant Interview guide 02 Individual questions When was these hotels established here? Why did you decide to establish ecotourism here? What is your experience with ecotourism? Have you observed any conflict related to community conservation? Do you think local people benefit from Ecotourism? How? General questions Who is the management authority? What is the source of funding for management of these hotels? What are the potential tourist attractions here? Where do visitors come from? International or local? What are the good and bad things about Ecotourism on the Pulau Ubin Island? Who is in charge of Ecotourism activities on the Pulau Ubin Island? What are the benefits and challenges about running ecotourism in this area? Does ecotourism contribute to the economic development on the Pulau Ubin Island? Does ecotourism contribute to conservation in the area? And How? What are the opportunities and constrains on livelihood or job in this area? What kind of challenges and opportunities are there in offering good services to the tourists? What types of outside influences are there in the ecotourism development? For instance political influence or public opinion on environment? Interview guide 03 For administrative officers What are the general objectives towards tourism? What are the specific objectives towards ecotourism development? What strategy (or policy) exists for ecotourism development in the Island? What legal documents exist to regulate tourism/ecotourism activities in the Island? What are the specific rules and regulations in these documents for tourism and ecotourism activities? What monitoring mechanisms have been put in place to monitor ecotourism development? What benefits have been realized in terms of ecotourism revenue (e.g. employment, conservation, services, other) for community development? What measures have been put in place to ensure that the local heritage is not threatened by the development of ecotourism in the area? Who are the major stakeholders involved in the management of the ecotourism in Pulau Ubin Island? What challenges have been faced with regard to ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What are the major constraints that inhibit ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What opportunities exist for ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What future plans exist for ecotourism development in this area? Interview guide for Tourist What are your motivations for visiting to this island? What did you like most during your stay on this island? What did you dislike about the stay here? What kind of gifts, souvenirs and services would you like to have available? What are you expectations from the trips to the island? Which elements of sustainable ecotourism do you believe the Island best meets? How did you travel to the area? What is your length of stay in this island? Number of people in your travel party to the island? How did you learn about the island ecotourism? Where are you from? What is your occupation? Who much money you are going to spend during your stay here? Age? Do you think you will travel to this island again? Do you have any other suggestion and comments of your visit? What do you think about ecotourism on the island? What are good things and bad things about ecotourism on the Pulau Ubin Island? Appendix II Work plan of report writing NO Program May 2008 June July August September October November December January February March April May June 2009 1. Proposal preparation X 2. Field work X X X 3. Literature review X X X X X X X 4. Writing outline X X 5. Organizing information X X 6. Analyzing X X X X 7. Organizing the report X X 8. First drat of the thesis X 9. Second draft of the thesis X 10. Finalizing the report X X 11. Submission of the report X 12. Preparation for viva X X

Advertisements Advantages and Disadvantages - 756 Words

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of advertisements. Advertising is a communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about various products and services and how to obtain and use them. Advertising is a multi-billion dollar business and its messages are conveyed to the farthest places on Earth. It uses every major medium to deliver these messages including television, movies, newspapers, radio, magazines, video games, the internet and billboards. Most advertisements are often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company. An advertisement is a product and like every other product in the world, it has its pros and cons. Advertisements are used to sell products. Businesses advertise their products to†¦show more content†¦This ability of advertisements to make people do something can also be a disadvantage. Advertisements can sometimes be so persuasive as to make the viewers buy something that they may not actually need or may in fact be harmful to them. They achieve this by creating false impressions about their products. A certain cigarette advertisement for example, may show that people who smoke a certain brand of cigarette are more successful than others. This not only creates a false impression upon the viewers about success but also encourages them to smoke. This creation of false impressions is very common in advertising. In fact, this creation of false impressions is what makes advertisements so influential in shaping a consumer. Advertisements have also been known to play to certain stereotypes. They have, on occasions, downplayed people with certain physical attributes. Only ‘beautiful’ people are employed to appear in advertisements for various products. Advertisement agencies hardly ever employ people of ‘average beauty’. Food commercials never have malnourished people. Energy drink advertisements always have athletic models taking part in sports. The Marlboro Man is always a ‘ruggedly handsome cowboy’. 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Slip or Trip Essay English Free Essays

On August 13, 2013, at approximately 1:37 A. M. , Sparks police department received a call that an accidental death has occurred. We will write a custom essay sample on Slip or Trip Essay English or any similar topic only for you Order Now Queenie Volupides, the wife of the deceased Arthur Volupides, claims that her husband slipped and fell on the stairs while he was coming down to the kitchen for another alcoholic beverage. She says that she wasn’t home when the incident occurred. She states that she was at a country club that was hosting a party and that when she arrived home (at approx 1:15 A. M. ) she found him lying on the stairs dead. However, the crime scene shows many inconsistencies within Queenie’s Story. Deputy Blank arrived on the scene at around 2:15 A. M, responding to Volupides 911 call. After viewing he crime scene, Deputy Blank noticed that in Arthur’s left hand there was an unbroken glass (presumably what he was drinking alcohol in). This raises many suspicions. If Arthur had tripped and fell down the stairs, then the glass shouldn’t be in his hand unbroken but instead somewhere in the vicinity of his body shattered. This is because, usually, when somebody is falling down the stairs they will drop whatever is in their hands to try to grab a rail or really anything to try to regain balance. Also, the glass was found in his left hand and when somebody is intoxicated, they can barley stand let alone attempt to hold a glass in their non-dominant hand. Also, Deputy Blank noticed that Queenie had been cooking something when officers arrived. While she was expecting guests, the body of Arthur was just feet away from the stove. Most people would have noticed the dead body and called the police right away. Responding officers have theorized that the pan she was cooking in is the murder weapon. Upon further inspection, Blank also realized that Arthur was still in his formal suit when he was killed. When Questioning Queenie about this she says that he was supposed to go to the party with her but before she left they had gotten into a fight. That explains why he had gotten into his suit but yet still doesn’t explain why he had stayed in his suit. If Arthur had been home for more than ten minutes, then he probably would have taken off at least his shoes, robe, and tie. Suspicious where near confirmed when Arthur’s autopsy came back. It did confirm that Arthur had had a high blood alcohol level. It also concluded that he had died from a wound on his head. If Arthur had really fallen down that flight of stairs then there would have been more injuries than that of the wound on this head. Maybe if he had a broken bone or was bruised then Queenie’sâ€Å" falling down the stairs† story might have been believable. Our recommendation is that Queenie Volupides is charged with Arthur Volupides Homicide. How to cite Slip or Trip Essay English, Essays

Contemporary Accounting Research for Investment- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Accounting Research for Investment. Answer: Introduction Pressure from the client on the auditor is very much common .The concept of explicit pressure on the auditor from the client, is very much prominent and provides a brief look out in the overall image of management of client, where the client tries to intimidate the auditors, the client threatens the auditor that they will terminate their relationship. It is very much prominent that client can bring pressure without any intimidation. Such threats are generally not part of any client auditor relationship. For example, that the clients can insist on asserting lenient in one period of accounting by the auditor, and stating that the auditor will have higher fees if in the future the auditor is ready to assert such lenienacncy. In cases where the auditor feels that his professional judgement is being directly challenged by a client, and his independence is at stake, he can take resort to professional standards to provide him guidelines on how to take charge of the situation and also how to ensure the required level of sceptics. The standards provide the required amount of guidance on how the auditor should behave when the client engages in such type of activity of putting explicit pressure on the auditor not allowing him to do his duty. The client managers can also try to influence the decision of the auditor based on the fact as to how the overall interests of the auditor are aligned with that of the client, and how the auditor should follow what the management is telling him to do, if he wants to excel in this field. The client can put a pressure on the auditor to go as the management is telling so that there is a win-win situation for both. If the auditor does as the client is saying, the audit firm will have a profitable relationship with the management in the future. The aim of the client is to raise awareness among the auditor regarding the profitable relationship both the parties can share if one goes with the other. It should be the overall goals of the audit or to go in the direction of what the client is telling him to do and not go against it, if he wants to gain anything from the client in the future. Thats the kind of explicit pressure that is asserted by the client on the auditor. (Felix, W. L., Grambling, A. A., Mayetta, M. J. (2005). In case of asserting implicit pressure the client may ask the auditor to make adjustments as he feels like in the light of various profitable decisions made by him. Next the audit firm will work for the client based on the kind of work that the impression that the auditor forms of the client, that is the kind of implicit pressure faced by the auditor on the light of his duties. On one hand the auditor has to do what the client is telling, on the other hand the audit firm has its owns set of rules and regulations that the auditor is required to follow. The auditor will be required to do something so that he can ease out all the pressure that is being exerted on him and can take steps to nullify the same. Implicit pressures are not bluntly stated by the client, but are somewhere or the other implied in their system. In case of explicit pressure the client states as and what he wants the auditor to do, and the auditor has to do the same. That is one of the major differences between the implicit and explicit type of client pressure. (Kennard, W. N., Link, M. M., Worrall, E. M. (1997). It is true that there are so many threats to the auditors independence and it may not be possible for him to work in the best of his ability , but thats where the auditor need to follow his code of ethics and do his job to the best of his ability . The auditor should not give to the pressure that the clients exert on him. It totally depends on the willingness of the auditor to accept what the client is saying him to do, and the level of changes that he do depending on the demand of the client. The stand of the auditor plays a major part on the overall pressure that it faces internally externally in his work. The auditor should see that there must not be any breach of his code of conduct ,and in case the client is not ready to lessen the pressure he should modify the audit report and comment on the same accordingly. (Knapp, M. C. (1985). Audit conflict: ) References The influence of non-audit service revenues and client pressure on external auditors' decisions to rely on internal audit.Contemporary Accounting Research,22(1), 31-53. Audit conflict: An empirical study of the perceived ability of auditors to resist management pressure.Accounting Review, 202-211. Client pressure in the commercial appraisal industry: how prevalent is it?.Journal of Property Valuation and Investment,15(3), 233-244.

The Symbol Of Blood In Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth

The Symbol of Blood in Macbeth Blood is known to all of us to represent life, death and often injury. Blood is an essential part of life, and without blood, we could not live. This is known to everyone, and because of this, when Shakespeare uses the symbol of blood to represent treason, murder and death, it is easily understood and fits in perfectly with the ideas we have of blood. Blood is mentioned often in the play and most times in reference to murder or treason. The first sinister reference to blood is in Act 2, Scene 1, when Macbeth sees the dagger floating in the air leading him to Duncan's room and he sees "on the blade and dudgeon gouts of blood", indicating that the knife has been visciously and violently stabbed into someone. The next reference, in Scene 2, is when Lady Macbeth smears the blood from the dagger on the faces and hands of the sleeping servants "I'll guild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt". This is another sinister and evil reference to blood, setting up the innocent servants of the king. Again, blood is referred to when Malcolm and Donaldbain are discussing what to do and Malcolm says : "there's daggers in men's smiles: the nearer in blood, the nearer bloody." Meaning that their closest relatives are likely to kill them. Again, blood is being used to describe treason, murder and death. In Act 5, Scene 1 - the sleepwalking scene, while Lady Macbeth is sleepwalking, there are constant references to the evil deeds that Macbeth and herslef have committed, most of which include references to blood. She goes through the motions of washing her hands saying "Out damned spot! Out, I say" in reference to the blood that stained her hands after smearing it all over the servants. She also refers to Duncan's murder saying : "Yet who would have thought the old man to have so much blood in him!". All these references are to murder and both include direct references to blood, again linking blood to treachery and murder. I think that throughout the play, Shakespeare effectively conveys theme of death, murder and treason through the symbol of blood. Normally, the word blood makes us think about injury and death, being an essential part of life, and the symbol of blood being used in the play is understood by the audience as being essential to life, and in the context it is used, it is a perfect metaphor for death and murder. I think that it is an effective symbol and is used well.

How the State Profits from War Essays

How the State Profits from War Essays How the State Profits from War Essay How the State Profits from War Essay One of the most abiding misconceptions in economic science is that war is good to the economic system ( Moffatt. n. pag. ) . This myth was farther perpetuated by the economic expert and New York Times editorialist Paul Krugman. who wrote: Ghastly as it may look. ( the devastation of the World Trade Center ) could even make some economic good†¦ the drive force behind the economic lag has been a dip in concern investing. Now. all of a sudden. we need some new office buildings ( Tracinski. n. pag. ) . Indeed. bad economic sciences reign in minutes of crisis and or terror. when people are despairing for solutions. To rebut the alleged benefits of the War Economy. reviews use the fallacy of the broken window ( Tracinski. n. pag. ) . When a vandal throws a brick through a shop’s window and the shop’s proprietor has to pass. state. $ 200 for the window’s fix. the people will believe that the defacer has given a positive part to society. After all. the fix of the broken window meant an instant encouragement in employment and economic activity ( Tracinski. n. pag. ) . But what these short-sighted citizens didn’t know was that the $ 200 that was spent on repairing the window could hold been used in ventures that might hold advanced the store owner’s endeavor. Unfortunately. advocates of the War Economy assumed that ( since ) a broken window can excite the economic system. ( it must be better ) when literally 1000s of them are broken ( Tracinski. n. pag. ) . For them. wars are important for the endurance of modern economic systems ( Cline. n. pag. ) . War Economy advocates believed that about every industry is involved with supplying goods and services to the armed forces ( uniforms. nutrient. medical specialties. arms fabricating. etc. ) . Hence. should war be eliminated. these concerns. peculiarly engineering and fabrication. will turn up up. Another statement of the angels of the War Economy is that it is the fastest solution to an economic slack ( Moffatt. n. pag. ) . When the economic system is undergoing recession. production is low and people are passing less than usual. But when the authorities goes into war. it will necessitate arms and equipment for its soldiers. Economic activity is hence expected to increase due to the rise both in authorities disbursement and the private sector’s concern minutess with the miliatry. Corporations will scramble for contracts that will let them to provide uniforms. vehicles and bombs to the ground forces. These companies will hold to engage more workers to maintain up with the addition in demand. take downing the unemployment rate in the procedure. There are even some workers who will be employed to replace those who volunteered as reservists abroad. Since the unemployment rate is decreased. consumers will pass more once more. Increased ingestion. in bend. will hike the retail sector. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours. there will be overall economic growing. thanks to the authorities fixing for war. However. critics contended that the above-named jutting economic promotion is at the disbursal of incapacitated civilians from Third World states ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . In 2002. one-year planetary military outgos were estimated to be more than $ 800 billion ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . The United States was at the top of this list. passing $ 343. 2 billion annually ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . Canada earned more than $ 3 million from selling arms in the same twelvemonth ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . Harmonizing to the United Nations Platform for Action Committee – Manitoba ( UNPAC-Manitoba ) article The Economicss of War ( n. d. ) . a big portion of the economic systems of all of the world’s wealthiest states derives from the sale of weapons ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . From 1996 to 2000. the US exported $ 54 billion worth of weaponries – 45 % of the entire sum of arms that was exported around the universe ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . Russia came 2nd at $ 21 billion ( 17 % ) . followed by France ( $ 11 billion or 9 % ) . the United Kingdom ( $ 8 billion or 7 % ) and Germany ( $ 6 billion or 5 % ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . As a consequence. says the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) in 2002. 500. 000 firearm-related deceases occur yearly ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . Each twelvemonth. land mines kill 15. 000-20. 000 kids and grownups ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . Iraq’s malignant neoplastic disease rates rose to 700 % between 1991 and 1994 due to chemical arms. while 86 million people have perished in belligerencies after World War II ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unpac. ca. n. pag. ) . The Iraq war in 2003 was the latest illustration of how the US turned war into a money-making venture. It was rooted in the logic of planetary monopoly capital. specifically American capitalist economy. to spread out into an empire ( Barona. 33 ) . Despite being packaged as a terrorist war. ( to transfuse fear among disparagers ) it was brought approximately by the globalisation policies of American transnational companies. peculiarly the US oil industry and the military-industrial composite ( MIC ) ( Barona. 33 ) . Iraq is one of the world’s biggest oil militias – it. along with other OPEC states such as Saudi Arabia. Iran. Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. has 79 % of the world’s entire oil supply ( __________ . 16 ) . For the US to hold limitless entree to Iraq’s oil. it merely had to take Saddam Hussein. a steadfast US opposition. from power. Back place. the US economic system was sustained by military disbursement – the injection of fresh capital was necessary to resuscitate an economic system that would go on to deteriorate if left to the free market ( Barona. 33 ) . But the Iraq war proved to be black for the US economic system. The US spends $ 200 million daily merely to be able to go on its military operations in Iraq ( Wolk. n. pag. ) . Even if the US eventually decides to draw its military personnels out of Iraq within another three old ages. entire direct and indirect costs to US taxpayers will probably by more than $ 400 billion†¦the entire economic impact at up to $ 2 trillion ( Wolk. n. pag. ) . Economist and Nobel Prize victor Joseph Stiglitz ( a well-known castigator of the Iraq war ) claimed that the entire cost of US military intercession in Iraq is a staggering $ 1 trillion to $ 2 trillion. including $ 500 billion for the war and business and up to $ 300 billion in future wellness attention costs for hurt troops ( Wolk. n. pag. ) . Stiglitz added that farther disbursals include a negative impact from the lifting cost of oil and added involvement on the national debt ( Wolk. n. pag. ) . These astronomically immense amounts of money came from revenue enhancements – financess that should hold been diverted to basic societal services such as instruction. wellness and lodging. While ordinary American citizens were enduring from the economic calamity brought approximately by the Iraq war. a few persons and corporations cahsed in on the said struggle. In 2007. Lockheed Martin ( the taking arms maker in the US ) had a net income addition of 22 % ( Scheer. n. pag. ) . In the same twelvemonth. the net incomes of its rivals Northrop Grumman and General Dynamics rose by 62 % and 22 % . severally ( Scheer. n. pag. ) . Boeing’s net incomes. meanwhile. increased by 61 % ( Scheer. n. pag. ) . Below are some personalities who were said to hold besides profitted from the Iraq War: a ) Former US President George W. Bush. Sr. – Shareholder and former Senior Advisor in the Carlyle Group. a defence contractor with ties to the Saudi royal household and the Bin Ladens. B ) Former Defense Secretary Frank Carlucci – Member of the RAND Board of Trustees and co-chair of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy Advisory Board. Besides the president of the Carlyle Group. degree Celsius ) Former Secretary of State and Secretary of Treasury James Baker – Former Carlyle Senior Counselor. vitamin D ) White House Budget Advisor Richard Darman – Carlyle Managing Director vitamin E ) US Vice President Dick Cheney – Head of Halliburton Co. . an oil endeavor that traded with Libya and Iran through foreign subordinates ( Lynch. n. pag. ) . Thankss to the craze brought approximately by the War on Terrorism and the Iraq war. taxpayers were swindled into funding the War Economy that made millionaires out of Bush and his like. And every bit long as the absurd propaganda of The War on Terrorism and the Iraq war continues to be. ordinary Americans will pass their full lives paying revenue enhancements non for basic societal services. but as a tribute to Bush and his kind for them to be able to populate like male monarchs. Plants Cited The Oil Equation in the US Bid against Iraq. Education for Development October 2002: 15-16. Barona. Caesar. Technology. Power and the War against Terrorism. The National Guilder July 2002: 32-33. Cline. Austin. Economic Benefits of War. n. d. About. com. 18 February 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //atheism. about. com/library/FAQs/phil/blphil_eth_wardef_econ. htm gt ; . Lynch. Colum. Firms Iraq Deals Greater Than Cheney Has Said. 23 June 2001. Global Policy Forum. 19 February 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. globalpolicy. org/security/sanction/iraq1/oilforfood/2001/0627chen. htm gt ; . Moffatt. Mike. Are Wars Good for the Economy? n. d. About. com 18 February 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //economics. about. com/od/warandtheeconomy/a/warsandeconomy. htm gt ; .

Role and Impact of Strategic Thinking for the Competitive Options of Assignment

Role and Impact of Strategic Thinking for the Competitive Options of Anglo American Mining Company - Assignment Example The Ansoff Matrix. (Electronic print) Available at: (Accessed 19th June 2012) 24 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: A graph representing Profit in Million Dollar against Business Unit in 2010...........7 Figure 2: The Ansoff matrix-business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Figure 3: Representation of porter’s diamond†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 Table 1: The 2010 profit distribution in various business units of the company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 Role and Impact of Strategic Thinking for the Competitive Options of Anglo American Mining Company Section A Anglo American is one of the globally dominant mining companies. It is an international mining company with operations stretching from Europe through Africa to North and South America among other n ations. It has an employee pool of approximately 100,000. Its portfolio is normally focused on mining and exploitation of natural resources. Some of these natural resources include platinum, diamonds, metallurgical coal and nickel (Jack, 2003, p.55; Runge, 2003). According to BBC business news (2012), the Anglo American management predicts a robust improvement in demand for its commodities as exemplified by 2011 revenues, which showed operating profits increased by 14% to record $11.1bn (?7bn). According to the company director, Rene Medori, the company is expanding iron ore business in West Africa and Brazil (BBC, 2011). This paper discusses business strategies that enables the company attain competitive advantage over its competitors. Strategic Setting A strategy defines short to long-term plan by which the objectives and aims of an organization are achieved. The company has a range of strategic programs formulated to improve performance of the company as well as minimizing the im pact of its operations on the environment. The company also targets to uplifting the lifestyle of the resident communities in those regions where it operates (Campbell, 2007). They develop programs that support innovation and application of new technology. The company has also invested in use of alternative energy such as wind power that accounts for 20% of the company’s energy supply. This prevents shortages or depletion of energy sources like organic fuels. Wind power is more reliable and does not pollute the environment. Values The company culture is determined by value statement. Anglo-American company has six strategic values that guide its business operations, these are; 1. Safety for the employees and environmental welfare: This value postulates that the company cannot maintain enhanced productivity for a longer time without ensuring them of their safety such as protective clothing and insurance schemes. Measures applied in catering for environmental welfare include re habilitation of mines and reduction of sound pollution especially in Africa that provides 76% of the company’s workforce. 2. Accountability; Activities such as corruption or any measure that may result into enticing any parties to get favors. This ensures that the all employees are treated equally

Teachers connecting to todays Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teachers connecting to todays Learners - Essay Example Also, pattern recognition substitutes psychological processing functions in multifaceted milieu. 2) Currency is the intent of all connectivist learning activities because it is in our observation that the technological and education industries are continuously undergoing changes and advancements. Connectivism emphasizes upon the fact that learners have to remain up-to-date with all the changes occurring in their learning environment and must ensure that the knowledge they are acquiring and using is current so that all modern learning needs are satisfied (Rowley & Hartley, 2008, p.16). This is important if learners want to excel in their respective fields. 3) Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources because in today’s modern world, it is important for the learners to make connections between specialized technological sources or nodes if they want to perform the complex tasks effectively. This enables them to make a collection of contradictory knowledge fields and perceptions which enhances their learning process. Such an aggregation of knowledge enables them to build better opinions and judgments, which makes them better individuals in the long run (Anderson, 2008,

Analysis Of Trends For Honeymoon Tourists

Analysis Of Trends For Honeymoon Tourists In the previous, it is explained that a wedding trip or honeymoon was become easier along the way with the improvement on ways of going places that no longer hardship to stir from home to go to other places and it was a new concept of traveling for leisure purposes. The transportation kept improving and producing newer and better destinations until there was more place than the visitors. There was no record who was the first couple going for honeymoon, but no doubt they go honeymoon because everybody else did and it seems as a challenge for them to do the same as others. At the first time honeymoon was considered only for the rich, and as a cachet for distinction and further glory (Hoke, 1933). However, as time goes by, the travel get cheaper, transportation keep improving and more destination enhanced, number of couples take their honeymoon also increasing. There are many various variables that todays honeymooners may be looking for. They may be looking for the atmosphere, facility provided, romantic places, and so on. According to the Travel Industry Association of America, most couples are willing to spend more money on honeymoon rather than the regular trips. Moreover, some honeymooners also looking for the unique places for honeymoon. They want to feel a different experience once in a lifetime. For these travelers, its the time for a fantasy journey to destinations whose very names mean romance. They are choosing to go further away on their honeymoon to a different environment and that includes everything: a different language, culture, and food. However, for some couples who have a fulltime job and, as work schedules become more and more hectic, many couples are choosing to honeymoon close to home, enjoying a long weekend at local bed-and-breakfasts and country inns (Perementer and Bigley, 2000) According to MacNair Travel Management survey, it is suggested that Hawaii is the top honeymoon destination. And it is supported by Hoke (1933), Niagara Falls and Washington were the first outstanding honeymoon resort. The honeymooners are most anticipating to beach and dining as a part of their honeymoon activity. Other than that spa also was the couples preferred activity on their honeymoon. With the evolution and innovation that spa could make health better, spa becomes ideal to enjoy and fashionable newlyweds often choose it for honeymoon. 2.2. Hotel Classification Along with the desires of traveler that keep growing, Tourism Industry along with all the attributes in it also needs to be developed to meet their needs. The hotel industry is so vast that many hotels do not fit into single well defined category. Industry can be classified in various ways, based on location, size of property etc. Based on location, for example is city hotel, is the hotel which is located in the heart of city within a short distance from business center, shopping complex. Airport hotels, these hotels are set up near by the airport. They have transit guest who stay over between flights. Resort hotel, is the hotel that cater consumer who wants to relax, enjoy themselves. They could be located in beach side, hill, and recreational area. Most resort work to full capacity during peak season Based in size of property, this category is divided according to the number of rooms available in the hotel. Small hotel is a hotel with 100 rooms or less. Medium sized hotel, hotel which has 100 rooms to 300 rooms. Large hotel, is the hotel which has more than 300 rooms. Mega hotel is a hotel which has more than 1000 rooms available. Based on the level of service there are three types of hotel which are upscale or luxury, midscale, and budget hotel. Budget hotel meets only provide the basic needs of the guest compared to the midscale and upscale hotel which provide a better service than the budget. Luxury hotel offers world class service providing restaurant and lounges, concierge service, meeting rooms, dining facilities. It is easy also to identify those types of hotel from the design of the hotel itself. Based on theme, there are Heritage hotels, Ecohotels, Boutique hotels. Heritage hotel offers rooms that have their own history, serve traditional cuisine and are entertained by folk artist. Ecohotel, is an environment friendly hotels which usually use eco friendly items in the room. Boutique hotel is a hotel that provides exceptional accommodation, furniture in a themed and stylish, unique manner. Based on target market, hotels are classified into commercial hotel, convention hotels, resort hotel, suite hotel and casino hotel. First, commercial hotel, they are situated in the heart of the city in busy commercial areas so as to get good and high business. They cater mostly businessmen. Second, convention hotel usually provide a large convention complex and cater guest who are attending conference, etc. Third, resort hotel, is a leisure hotel which are mainly for vacationers, leisure traveler, who want to relax and enjoy with their family. The atmosphere is more relaxed. Fourth, suite hotel offers rooms that may include compact kitchenette. They cater to people who are relocating act as executives who are away from home for a long business stay. Last but not least casino hotel, is a hotel with a gambling facility. This hotel usually attracts those leisure and vacation travelers. Honeymooners as consumer could choose the type of hotel for them to stay in their honeymoon. They can choose to stay whether in city hotel, resort, large hotel, small hotel, upscale, midscale, budget hotel, theme hotel, and many more. However, wherever they choose the hotel to stay, there must be the reason behind why they choose particular hotel. In choosing hotel for honeymoon, there must be a decision between couples. Therefore it is important to observe on how husband and wife decision making. ( http://hotel-industry.learnhub.com/lesson/8842-classification-of-hotels) 2.3. Decision Making 2.3.1. Consumer Decision Making Process In our daily life we will always faced with various decision. When we want to purchase product or services is also a part of decision. No one purchase or consume something unless they have a problem, a need, a want or a purposes.There are seven major stage that consumer typically go through in decision making but however in this study will only explain six stage such as need recognition, search information, pre-purchased evalutaion, purchase, consumption, post-consumption evaluation. Need recognition, is the stage when the consumers will sense the things that they believe the product have the ability to solve a problem is worth more than the cost of buying it. Therefore the marketers could make a product that can fulfill the desire of the consumers but they also have to keep the cost in line with the market they are targeted. At this stage, the consumer are influenced with many variables such as, personality, social class, income, past experience, prior brand perception. Source of Information, is the stage when the consumers are obtaining informations they need to make a product choices are suitable with them. The source of informations could be obtained from marketer dominated or non-marketer dominated. Advertising, sales person, website, travel agentcy are the source of information that refers to marketer dominated. Friends, family and the words of mouth refers to non-marketer source of information. Pre-Purchase Evaluation, is the stage when the consumers are comparing the various choices of brands, products, and services that which will most likely result in their satisfaction with the consumption. In this stage the consumers will influenced with their motivation, knowledge, attitudes and personality, lifestyle. Other than that they also will consider on the price, and quality of the product. Purchase and Consumption, is the stage when the consumers have decided the ideal product or services for them and after that they consume the product or services. Post-Consumption Evaluation, the stage when the consumers have experience the product or services and they will sense whether they are satisfied or not satisfied. They will feel satisfied when the performance of the products or services are matched by the precieved performance, when the performance fall below the precieve performance there will be dissatisfaction. Those the stages above are might be went through by the individual or couples decision making process in general. During the decision making process there will be a negotiation between the husband and wife. The stages before the purchasing stage, couples will affected by push and pull factors which is come from the internal and external. (Blackwell, Miniard and Mason, 2001) 2.3.2 The Choice-sets Model Research on individuals decision making process is explained by applying the choice-sets model. There are three stages in individual choice-sets model. The final decision made by the individual is the result of consecutive process of reducing some alternatives in the consideration from large number in the early consideration set to just a few in the late consideration set. The process from the early consideration set to the late consideration set is affected by the push and pull factors. After that the situational inhibitors also influence the individual from late consideration set to the final decision. According to Jang, et al. (2006) couples and family are the substantial objects in analyzing decision making in the existing choice-sets model. In family decision making process, there are many individuals different preferences involve for the final decision. The choice-sets selection process of an individual is different from couples choice-set process in several way. First, there are two people are involved in the decision making process. Each partner brings their own preferences regarding the possible choices. Second, it is possible for conflict to be occurred because of the differences of idea and perceptions regarding the alternatives. Therefore there will be a discussion among them to find out which is the best option match for them. Third, couples will formulate ones own early consideration set, based on elements of their own preferences and their partners preferences that already mutually identified through discussion. Thus, the couple choice-sets model consist of four stages , while individual choice-sets model consist of three stages, from the early consideration set to the final choice. In addition, as explained by the individual choice-sets model, the relevant process is also competent in the couples choice-sets model in choosing honeymoon hotel. The number of hotel alternatives under each individuals consideration will be lessening at each stage, before the final decision is made. The choice-sets model below is adopted from Jang, et al. (2006) study and will be used as a reference on the following literature review. Comparing the individual destination choice-sets model to a destination choice-sets model for couples 2.3.3. Couples Decision Making within the Household The way of couple decision making is also found in a household. It is interesting to observe a relationship between household decisions making with its consuming behavior. A research on entire consumption and saving behavior can be as an example to be combined with the findings on household decision making (Ferber, 1973). Beside that the other simple example to be observed in household decision making is about economic. Every household must have put economy as their main primary concern. In traditional families, the role of householder is hold by the husband. Therefore logically all the decision within the household is decided by the husband respectively. Based on the data collection from Davis (1976), it has been proved that the decision making in the household are mostly done by the husband. He has a significant influence in the household consumption for frequently purchased on goods and services and for durable. Most of the time the husband gives his suggestion and his preferences for something and the wife is the one who purchase and spent the money for purchases of goods such as beer, liquor, shaving cream, and others. Same goes to the decision making for contraceptive usage. The husband has the important role and greater influence to the final decision (Davis, 1976; Bankole and Singh, 1998). In families today, there is more negotiation between husbands and wives occur in consumer decision making. The increasing number of career woman create the increasing number of dual-income family that leads to the influence of women have on consumer decision making (Razzouk, et al., 2007). The presence of women in the workforce today makes the women no longer seen as just homemakers and men as just breadwinner. As mentioned by Qualls (1987, pp.269) husband and wife established their own position and preferences as individual, through discussion, individual preferences evolve into joint decisions. Therefore there are some household decision making which is done by joint decision making which means that there is a corporation between the husband and wife in making decision. The simple example can be found in making decision on purchasing durable goods which is jointly consumed such as buying cars, home, villa, and many more (Davis, 1976). It is not an easy thing to make a decision by two people. Sometimes there are some different desires or preferences on each of them. Even though they make decision together, actually they still have a different tendency for each aspect to decide. For example like husband will be more on deciding the price differences, whether the price worth it or not for some items to buy and wife will be more on how many items to buy, how the design, etc. (Bernhardt, 1974 in Davis, 1976). In other words, husband tends to have a control in all decision which is taking a consideration of functional attributes, and wife would be considering on aesthetic aspect or beauty. Overall, the decision making within the household depends on the decision made by the spouse and also depends on what thing to decide. Sometimes husband has a significant influence in making a decision, and sometimes wife the one who taking a control in decision making, or sometimes both husband and wife put their idea and making a decision together, joint decision making. And how about couples decision in choosing honeymoon hotel? Is that would be the same situation with the decision making on regular consuming behavior within the household or not. Based on the notion explained, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis A1. There is a joint decision making between husband and wife in choosing honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis A2. There is a different area on making decision between husband and wife in choosing honeymoon hotel. 2.3.4. Gender Differences towards Travel Behavior There had been several studies conducted in the area of tourism and gender. It covers the role of women in tourism decision within the family. The various result gained depends on the difference roles among the family members, etc. (Fraj-Andres, 2010). Gender roles vary across cultures. There are behavioral differences between men and women that reflect the culturally determined differing roles of men and women. In some cultures, the traditional values point out the need for women to stay at home and take care of children. Women depend on men as breadwinners and womens responsibility is to take care of a family and home (Jackson Henderson, 1995). Nichols and Snepenger (1988) compared men and womens travel patterns and found that women preferred shorter trips, having fewer sports activities on their journeys and spending less money. Other than that women prefer on cultural and educational experiences when travelling, and men looked for action and adventure (McArthur ,1999). The other previous research result found that, in the choice of a hotel, expectations varied according to gender. Additionally, some demographic variables such as educational level, income level, have been useful for explaining the tourist behavior (Kastenholz et al., 2005) Based on the notion explained, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis A3. Each husband and wife has different preferences towards honeymoon hotel in the early consideration set. 2.3.4. Influence in Family Decision Making In family decision making process is often dynamic and complicated. Suggested by Jang, et al. (2006) in family decision making, individuals different preferences plays an important role deciding the final decision. These different preferences can result from the differences objective and differences perception towards the relevant topic discussed. There are might be some disagreements created in the decision making process. However, those disagreements may indicate an attempt to accommodate and resolve the problem, so that the joint decision could be made (Spiro, 1983). As mentioned by Strodtbeck (1951) in Spiro (1983), he tried to measure the power or influence of the husband and wife in the decision making. He observe the interaction between husband and wife in resolving the differences in the decision making process. There many influence strategy that might be used to make joint decision making. Spiro (1983) emphasize on six influence strategy that can be used to determine the type of influence strategy which is commonly use by couples to have a joint decision making. The result of his study was explained that there are many types of influencer strategies used by husbands and wives in attempting to resolve the differences of opinion or preferences. And some of the strategies that focus on this research are: Expert influence refers to the influence that a spouse has specific information concerning the various alternatives. She or he can try to convince the other that she or he is more knowledgeable concerning the product by giving the detailed information under the consideration. Legitimate influence reflects from one spouses attempt to shared the values concerning their role upon others feelings. The spouse is influenced by the shared belief that she or he should make the decision. For example husband is the man of the house, therefore he should make some particular decision. Individuals may use many different combination of influence strategy simultaneously during their attempt to persuade one another in discussion to reach the modification consideration set. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis A4. Husband has greater influence in making decision for modification consideration set Hypothesis A5. Wife has greater influence in the in making decision for modification consideration set 2.3.5. Conflict in Couples Decision Making Process Not only couples but also all the consumer will have a consideration and negotiation when they want to make a decision. The simple practice is how consumer selecting a product such as normal product, house, or travel destination. An individual will likely to interact with others during the decision making process and it will affect the final decision. In a couple, the husband and wife will discuss on the matters that they want to decide and undeniable that each of them should change their preference to the other alternative to reach the final decision and they will share their opinions on the desirable alternatives since they individually have different preferences (Spiro, 1983 in Jang, et al., 2007). There is a possibility that conflict might happened within the couple decision making process. Conflicts may be happened because the impact of gender role orientation reflects the atitude of the spouses toward roles played by husbands and wives (Qualls, 1987) or primarily due to the difference of perception on objectives (Frikha, 2010). However, couples will have a discussion, negotiation, to seek an agreement to the final decision. Hypothesis A5. Conflicts occur during the discussion due to the different preferences. 2.4. Push-Pull Factors Affected the Decision Making Process In decision making process, there are many variables that could affect the consumers to reach the final decision. As mention in the concept of couples choice-sets model, the final decision is made by passing through several stages which are early consideration set, modified early consideration set or discussion, late consideration set to the final decision. As suggested by Crompton and Kim (1999) in Jang, et al. (2006) those continuous processes are affected by push factors and pull factors. 2.4.1. Push Factors In making decision, consumers generally have some internal factor that will affect them in the process to find the ideal final decision. The internal factor which is the push factor, the needs and wants of traveler, are the reason of why traveler wants to get out from their home or regular place. Moreover, push factors also concern to the desire to travel (Dann, 1977 in Decrop 2006) and predispose consumer to travel. Asserted by Decrop (2006) push factors develop travelers internally causing them looking for something, situation, and events. To make it easier, push factor is a foundation of motivations (Kent,1990 in Decrop, 2006). While there are many study on attitudes, images, perceptions and learning committed on the understanding on travelers behavior, motivation seems to be liable for describing much of the consumers tourism consumption behavior (Sirakaya, et al., 2003). Another suggestion said that motivation is a driving behind the consumers consumptions behavior, therefore motivated consumers try to fulfill their needs by acting on physiology and psychology. In previous research on tourism, the researcher was emphasized on the motivation-based because it could gives idea and comprehension for the marketers in developing and promoting the tourist attraction. Without an understanding on the consumers motivation, the marketers will not be able to generate efficient tourism marketing (Fodness, 1994) and will allow researchers to have a better explain on future travel pattern and behavior (Uysal and Hagan, 1993). Iso-Ahola (1982) also pointed out that motivation is one of the crucial elements of leisure tra veler. Exploring the leisure travelers motive that affected the choice of destinations or alternatives, Crompton (1979) mentioned that variability of consumers social, cultural and psychological needs could be the main motivation for travel. He also analytically mentioned seven motives as push factors for travel which are escape from the day to day environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxing, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationship, and facilitation of social interaction. Escape from the day to day environment, refers to the situation where the physically and socially different from the normal lives environment. Exploration and evaluation of self, motivations which travelers will get from the changes into new surroundings by physically and socially that could not be achieved by staying in their own environment. Relaxing, referred to a mental relaxation rather than physical relaxation. Prestige, it is a motive when travelers have a frequent travel, for them it is perceived to be less prestige. Regression, motive when consumers respond that leisure vacation provides a chance to do things extraordinary, different from their usual life. Enhancement of kinship relationship refers to a perceived value of leisure travel as a medium to enrich the relationship. Facilitation of social interaction, when the travelers bring motive to meet new people, therefore the travel will be people oriented rather than place oriented. According to the description above, those motives also applicable on couples in choosing honeymoon hotel. Therefore, based on this concept, the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis B1. There is a motive of escape from the day to day environment when couples choose honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis B2. There is a motive of exploration and evaluation of self when couples choose honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis B3. There is a motive of relaxing when couples choose honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis B4. There is a motive of prestige when couples choose honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis B5. There is a motive of regression when couples choose honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis B6. There is a motive of enhancement of kinship when couples choose honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis B7. There is a motive of facilitation of social interaction when couples choose honeymoon hotel. 2.4.2. Pull Factors Not only push factors that affecting consumer in making decision but also the pull factors. Pull factor is an external factor which created by the information of the goal objective, tourist holds and products attraction power (Gnoth, 1997 in Decrop, 2006). Different from the push factor which concern to the desire of travel, Dann (1977) explained that pull factor concern on the destination choice and attributes, that attracts traveler to a given hotel or destination and whose value is visible to stay on the object of travel. Furthermore, pull factors are those that appears as a result of attractiveness of a travel attributes. There are a lot of pull factors which affect traveler on the hotel selection process for travel which are novelty (Crompton, 1979), heritage/culture, entertainment, nature, rural (Uysal and Jurowski, 1994), facilities, easy accessibility (Kim et al., 2003), safety (Bogari et al., 2003) and so on. 2.4.2.1. Hotel Attributes as Pull Factors Nowadays there are many tourist destination spread out over countries. Tourism industry has become increasingly growing and a highly competitive market. In the hotel environment, where competition dominates, hoteliers must study the strengths and weaknesses of the product or service they provide and accurately define their importance and performance. Many choices of product and services attract tourist differently in each destination. However, each tourist has their freedom to choose amongst a set of destination according to their motivation, preference and attitude to determine a destination to be selected. According to Kozak (1999), tourist mentally categorize destination into three categories. First is consideration, where all destination that consumer is aware and likely to visit. Second is inert, where all destination that consumer is aware but no decision is made to visit in a specific period. Third is inept, refer to destination that consumer is aware of but has no intention to visit in a specific time. Various type of consumer profile such as level of age, income, occupation and personality significantly affect the choice to vacation and select the destination. In choosing destination for vacation, there several factors attract consumer externally. Regarding the hotel industry, Chu and Choi (2000) mentioned that room rates have been considered as the main factor that increases the cost for a trip. Other than that, price also affects consumers motivation to travel. The price for a destination becomes one of main attributes for motivation to travel. And usually price directly affected by the exchange rates (Kozak, 1999). Some tourists are preferred to travel to a destination that has a lower value than their own currency (Witt and Martin, 1987 in Kozak, 1999). The positive or negative variance of exchange rate of a country or destination may lead to the increase or decrease in the level of tourist product or services prices. Following by facility and services are the major thing that consumer meet during the vacation. An adequate and qualified of both facility and services in a particular destination will affect consumer to revisit the destination itself (Kozak, 1999). The services and facilities offered by a hotel or are those features of products or services that lead consumers to choose one product over others (Lewis, 1983 in Chu and Choi, 2000). The previous study have shown that tourists satisfaction with hotel properties, including services, facilities and price, seems to be one of the factors that could bring the hotel successful and create many patronages or loyal customers (Stevens, 1992 in Chu and Choi, 2000). Safety and security also becomes an important thing to be considered in choosing destination for vacation. Making tourist feel secure will become the plus point for the destination itself to be selected (Kozak,1999). Consumer will prefer to go to a place that has a lower rate of crime and high in safety and security matters. Hotel image also one of the factors that influence the consumers choice. LeBlanc and Nguyen (1996) mentioned the five hotel factors that may determine a hotels image to travelers. These five factors are physical environment, corporate identity, service personnel, quality of services and accessibility. Moreover, it is found that that cleanliness of the accommodation, followed by safety and security, accommodation value for money, courtesy and helpfulness of staff were identified as top attributes for travelers in hotel choice selection (Atkinson, 1988 in Chu and Choi, 2000). The previous study shows that There are a lot of studies have attempted to analyze customer satisfaction in terms of both expectations that relate to certain important attributes and value of the attribute performance (Chu and Choi, 2000). According to Barsky (1992) the terms importance is accepted by customers as satisfaction. When a customer perceives an attribute as important, the customer will believe that the attribute will play an important role in influencing his or her choice (MacKenzie, 1986 in Chu and Choi, 2000). Those attributes will influence consumers purchase intention and as a comparison from competitors providing. A comprehensive review of the literature for the hospitality industry suggests that attributes such as cleanliness, location, room rate, security, service quality, and the reputation of the hotel have been considered by most tourists in hotel choice decision. Those factors above are some of the pull factors that may be taken as consideration by consumer in choosing destination for vacation. However, there are many factors to be considered which may be affected couples in honeymoon hotel and no doubt those factors above are possible as well become the factors that affected their decision making. Based on the description above the following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis C1. Hotel attributes which falls under facilities and services are influencing couples late consideration set in choosing honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis C2. Hotel attributes which is room rates are influencing couples late consideration set in choosing honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis C3. Hotel attributes which is falls under safety and security are influencing couples late consideration set in choosing honeymoon hotel. Hypothesis C4. Hotel attributes which is falls under hotel image are influencing couples late consideration set in choosing honeymoon hotel. 2.4.2.2. Advertising In todays globalization, marketing aspect has become an aspect which is keeps growing follow the world trends. Business to consumer e-commerce is fast replacing the traditional way of marketing. The electronic commerce is slowly changing the way businesses operating. The spread of web facility and the acceptance of the internet have requested businesses to establish internet website to maintain the relationship with customers, suppliers, employees and shareholders. The development of the internet has been a major event in the hospitality industry and it will gradually revolutioniz