Research paradigm Essay

The research paradigm considered by the researcher in regard to this work included the consideration of packaging in special occasions and which factors companies should focus during the period of social occasion in order to make their packaging their selling point. During the festival seasons market is flooded with various gift options. Due to the competition various organizations offer attractive schemes and offers to allure the consumers. Consumers due to various kind of motives of buying gift which can be personal, individual, altruism, cultural, reciprocal and other reason wants to buy attractive gifts for the people within his circle from family to the friends and relatives. The competitions companies face to attract these customers comes from various sectors of the industry or outside the industry. Now a days even service organization have become very competitive and services can also be offered as a gift. In such case company faces all kind of product, generic, industry specific and other kind of competitions. The packaging decisions are one of the important aspects of the marketing mix which can not be ignored in such a competitive environment where everything needs to be perfect. This paradigm has been utilized many times in the study of packaging in special occasions for all the group of respondents. I. i. a. Sample selection The data sampling was randomly managed utilizing stratified means with sixty five questionnaires completed by both male and female retail consumers. The percentages of female respondents were higher than that of male. The choice to use retail consumers alone in this research was made for three reasons. †¢ First, it was far simpler to have access to consumers from retail organization in regard to the researcher’s availability. †¢ Second, the focus itself is on understanding attitudes and perceptions for the packaging of gifts in special occasions and retail organization is a place attracting major customers to buy gifts. †¢ Third, the quantification of such information allows the researcher to gain a broader perspective on how respondents observe and realize the meanings of different components of packaging during special occasions and how it impacts their buying behaviour. I.i. b. Reliability and viability Reliability for the researcher was achieved in the assurance that only a specified group of men and women were utilized in regard to the research. The focus of the research has been on the consumers from retail organization. These consumers from retail organization were approachable. Data was collected in the presence of researcher. This gave the research a more focused view of the research goal. The validity was managed as a result of this focus and emphasised in the considerations involved in the data collection, variables and sampling methods. Privacy and confidentiality methods included assigning numeric and alphabetic coding to each responding questionnaire. This ensured anonymity in regard to the researcher and the subjects of the research process. I. i. c. Sample size Approximately 100 questionnaires have been distributed to collect the information. However in 35 questionnaires the information was not completed and due to that these has been withdrawn from the studies. 65 fully filled questionnaires have been utilized for the purpose of study. I. i. d. Questionnaire design The questionnaire design was simple. The questions included in the paper are related to the attributes of the packaging. The time taken to complete the questionnaire was less due to its simple nature. Most of the questions are simple circle question where respondent has to make a circle around the most appropriate and applicable option. I. i. e. Data analysis and findings Analysis of information in regard to research managed by the researcher must include complete and full understanding of the questionnaire. This understanding focuses in the use of the questionnaire created specifically for this process. It is the considerations realized within the questionnaires, no matter their simplicity, that will focus considerations in later chapters of this work. Within this section of Analysis and Findings there will be measurement of all responses in regard to the questionnaire. †¢ Analysis strategy Analysis strategy included a full series of statistical diagrams of all information collected including positive and negative responses, gender variations and marital status. This strategy provided the researcher with a wider spread for the conclusions that became evident in regard to the researcher’s focus. This information was broken down into specific charts for the benefit of visual context. The visual context provided insight in regard to perceptions of packaging and considerations by consumers from retail organization in regard to the impact of components on them. These perceptions and considerations provide the researcher with evidence to support the hypothesis made in that effective packaging decisions during the special occasions will support organizations to delight the consumer. †¢ Awareness The researcher held awareness of the potential for study in regard to packaging during special occasion through many methods. Those methods include observation, interaction and extensive research. The awareness of the media discussions of packaging amongst collegiate level men and women and the similar studies within this idea would in fact have influenced the choice made. The choice of analyzing how consumers from retail organization amongst this particular population would in fact consider their packaging options and knowledge allows for a singular perspective isolated from the more broadly painted view. The focus itself was on the consumers from retail organization and how they absorbed information available before deciding on packaging decisions. Overall, the respondents to the questionnaires provided insight in regard to how many individuals are learning more and more about packaging decisions. From the literature review it is evident that usually colour of the packaging which makes impact on sender or receiver of any gift. The questionnaire aims to measure the frequency to which people buy gifts for others and what are the factors they consider for the packaging. †¢ Understanding The understanding of this information gathered is proven in the statistics within the questionnaires that were completed and submitted. Each respondent have been explained the objective of study. Researcher has helped the respondents if s/he faces any difficulty in understanding any question. The research found that all respondents understood the material being requested and filled the questionnaires accordingly in timely fashion. The responses of questionnaires were filled in the database as the completed questionnaires had been received from the respondents. This information was then examined thoroughly for consistency and validity. The researcher now understands that there is a great deal of diversity in gift buying and packaging behaviour among the consumers from retail organization. Respondents can learn about better packaging options through their own personal research, their parents, friends or other family members. †¢ Findings The questionnaire included demographic details like of the respondents Demographic Profile †¢ Age Large section of the respondents (41. 5%) fall under the age group of 22-30 years old, followed by people within the age group of 41-50 years who are 20% of the total respondents. Approximately 15% of the total respondents fall under the age group of 18-21. Figure III. 1 Age of Respondents Ethnic background: 43% of the total respondents were from White community while 34% were Asian. Black other and Black African were 14% and 6% respectively of the total respondents. None of the respondent was from Hispanic or African background. Figure III. 2 Ethnic Origin of the Respondents Gender Majority of respondents are female with percentage of 66 while remaining 34% of the respondents are male. Figure III. 3 Gender Consumer behaviour. When respondents were asked the question â€Å"How frequently do you buy gift items? † twenty five out of sixty five responded that they buy gifts once in a month. Twenty two out of sixty five responded that they buy three to six times in a year. Nine respondents told that they buy less often gifts for anyone while the same number of respondents told that they buy gifts once in a week. No respondent told that s/he never buys any gift items. Figure III. 4 Frequency of buying Gift Items Components of Packaging on Special Occasion Colour:When consumers were asked what they feel about the statement â€Å"It feels good to receive a present in Colourful packaging on special occasions† approximately 48% of the respondent strongly agreed to the statement while 35% agreed to the statement. Remaining respondents felt they were neutral to the Colour of packaging. Figure III. 5 Colourful Packaging Respondents when asked to respond on the statement â€Å"On special occasions (like Christmas), packaging is more Colourful than normal. † Majority of them agreed to the statement. 37% of the total respondents strongly agreed to the statement while approximately 50% agreed to the statement. 10-% of the total respondents felt neutral about the statement while approximately 1% disagreed to the same. Figure III. 6 Packaging on Special Occasions Respondents were asked to respond on the shape and Colour attribute of a product. They were asked to respond on the statement â€Å"People are mostly attracted by different shapes and sizes in gift items. † 58% of the total respondents agreed to the statement while approximately 16% strongly agreed. 18% respondents were neutral to this statement while 4% disagreed. 1. 5% of respondents strongly disagreed to the statement. Figure III. 7: Colours and Shapes of Product. When respondents were asked whether or not they agree to the statement â€Å"Packaging styles vary for different occasions† 44% agreed to the statement while 30% strongly agreed. 18% were neutral to the statement and 4% strongly disagreed. Figure III. 8 Packaging Style in Different Occasions When consumers were asked about their own perception regarding shapes and Colours of the product by the statement â€Å"I am attracted to a product because of different Colours and shapes in packaging when I buy for a special occasion† approximately 40% of the total respondents agreed to the statement while 26% strongly agree to the same. 18% respondents were neutral to the same, 17% disagreed and 1. 5% strongly disagreed to the statement. Figure III. 9 Impact of Shape and Size of packaging in special occasions To the statement â€Å"Colourful and attractive packaging makes a good impression about the sender to the receiver. † Approximately 50% strongly agreed to the statement while 43% agreed to the same. 6% of the total respondents were neutral while 1. 5% strongly disagreed to it. Figure III. 10: Colourful and attractive packaging and impression about sender.

Objective Morality Essay

My purpose in writing this is to argue for the existence of an objective morality based entirely on rational and scientific reasoning. By â€Å"objective morality† I do not simply mean that morality exists in the sense that various societies consider various actions to be immoral. What I mean is that certain actions are inherently right or wrong regardless of what any society thinks about them. In other words, I mean that there is an â€Å"objective morality† which exists independently of human beliefs and human civilization. There are many people who have the opinion that it is not possible to believe in such an objective morality without also believing in concepts such as God or an eternal soul. I believe that they are wrong. I will attempt to show that an objective morality exists and that this morality is the same regardless of which religion, if any, is correct. Many people believe that without a religious framework, the only possible conclusion is that all morality is nothing more than a human construct without any objective existence. In other words, what morality a person or a culture accepts is like picking a favorite flavor of ice cream. Some individuals prefer strawberry ice cream, other individuals prefer chocolate, and no person’s preference is â€Å"more correct† than another’s. In a similar manner, they argue, different individuals and different societies have various favorite moral belief systems, and just as with ice cream, no particular set of moral beliefs is â€Å"more correct† than any other. A common argument for this type of thinking is the following. Throughout history, different cultures have had vastly different moral systems. In fact, on almost any moral issue, it appears that there is absolutely no agreement or consensus shared by even a majority of the cultures throughout history. In addition to this, there appears to be no way to prove the superiority of one moral system over another using logic alone. So the only way in which one moral system can actually be the correct one is if religion is the tie breaker. That is, whichever value system the â€Å"correct religion† advocates is the correct value system. Otherwise, there is no way to decide between them. I believe that this type of argument is easily refuted. In order to argue for the existence of an objective morality, I will have to do more than just point out the flaws in lines of reasoning such as this. I will have to provide my own arguments that an objective morality does exist, and I will have to discuss where this morality â€Å"comes from†. I will also have to explain a process by which we can attempt to determine what it is. This is what I intend to do. I would first, though, like to take some time to point out some of the errors in the reasoning above. There are two points that the argument above makes. The first regards the lack of consensus regarding morality. The second involves the inability to prove the superiority of one moral system over another using logic alone. It is true that throughout history, different cultures have held vastly different beliefs about morality. These cultures have also held vastly different beliefs regarding natural physical laws. Consider, for example, the belief in gravity. Currently, it is believed that the phenomena which we call gravity is the result of the fact that objects with mass cause a curvature in â€Å"space-time†. Under this framework, we believe that a clock located in a high gravitational field will appear to run slower than an identical clock in a region with low gravity. We also believe, under this framework, that the path of something without mass, such as a beam of light, is affected by gravity. This was not always the case. At the beginning of the twentieth century, for example, it was believed that the phenomena of gravity is the result of the fact that all objects with mass exert an attractive force on each other. According to this view, the path of a beam of light should be unaffected by gravity and identical clocks should run at the same speed everywhere. This had not always been the case either. At an earlier time it was believed that the natural place for objects such as rocks was on the ground while the natural place for things like steam was up in the sky. According to this perspective, rocks fell to the ground while steam rose because everything tends to go to its natural place. If we do a more thorough examination, including all the cultures throughout all of history, we will find an even larger variety of opinions regarding the law of gravity. This does not, though, mean that there is no objective law of gravity which exists independently of human society. The beliefs in gravity which I described are attempts by human societies to approximate reality. Clearly, some approximations are better than others. Perhaps the current belief in the curvature of space-time is also incorrect and will later be replaced by an even better approximation. However, most people would have no problem agreeing that the curvature of space-time explanation of gravity is a better approximation to reality than the explanations which came before it. All that this shows is that even though different cultures hold very different beliefs about a certain issue, this does not necessarily imply that there is no objective reality behind these beliefs. The claim which I will be arguing for is that this is the same for morality as it is for gravity. All the moral beliefs which came before us and all the moral beliefs today are, in exactly the same way as in the case of gravity, approximations to the objective reality which exists independently of human beings. Although probably none of these approximations correspond to reality exactly, as with gravity, some approximations are better than others. For example, the value system of a society which condones slavery but condemns cannibalism is incorrect, but it is a better approximation to reality than that of a society which condones both slavery and cannibalism. The claim that no one has yet been able to prove the correctness of a particular moral system through logic alone is also correct. However, if we continue the analogy with gravity, we will realize that no one has also been able to prove the existence of gravity through logic alone either. The reason we believe that a rock will fall to the ground is because that is what we have always observed when we have let go of rocks in the past. There is a little more to it than that, of course, but not much. Our current theory of gravity predicts many specific phenomena. These include rocks falling to the ground, planets orbiting the Sun, the creation of ocean tides by the moon, and identical clocks running at different speeds. The only reason why we do believe in our current theory of gravity is because every time we have observed these phenomena, what we saw corresponded with what the theory predicted. If we were deprived of these observations, we would have no reason to believe in gravity at all. There is no way, using logic alone, that a person can prove the existence of gravity or the superiority of one theory of gravity to another. It is only by using logical reasoning in combination with observation that a person can argue for the existence of gravity. Even then, it is not be possible to do so with total 100% assurance. The fact that the current theory of gravity has always made correct predictions in the past does not guarantee that the theory will give correct predictions tomorrow. What a person can do, though, is to show, by using logical reasoning in combination with observations, that our theory of gravity is most likely true. This is what I intend to do for morality. There are, of course, some differences in arguing for an objective moral law and an objective gravitational law. Perhaps one of the most significant is that it is possible to construct equipment which quantitatively measure the effects of gravity. That is, it is possible to construct a speed detector that tells you that a rock is moving with a velocity of ten meters per second at a certain moment in time. On the other hand, it is not currently possible to construct a morality meter which tells you that a certain action is wrong with an immorality of ten immorality units. Nevertheless, this is an obstacle which I believe can easily be overcome. I will explain the way in which I overcome this obstacle a little bit later. For now, I would just like to point out that the fact that we can not build such a detector does not automatically imply that an objective morality does not exist. It was not that long ago that we were unable to detect or measure the existence of electrons. This, however, does not imply that electrons did not exist in that time period. Electrons (objectively) existed regardless of whether or not we could build devices which detected them. The same, I believe, is true for morality. I have divided my discussion into four parts. The first part is this introduction. In the second part, I attempt to show that it is objectively wrong to torture another person for pleasure, and I discuss where this objective morality â€Å"comes from†. In this second part, I do not deal with something even as mildly complicated as torturing one person to prevent the suffering of another. Since I am trying to show that an objective morality exists independently of human beliefs, just showing that there exists one action which is objectively wrong should be sufficient to demonstrate my position that some objective morality exists. However, just believing that an objective morality exists should not be enough to satisfy anyone’s inquiry into the matter. In part three, I discuss how we can determine what this objective morality says about controversial moral issues. As in the case of gravity, I only claim to have a method to find good approximations to this objective moral law, not to get it exactly right the first time. By spending more time applying this method to a particular moral issue, we will obtain better approximations. I give examples of how this method can be applied to issues such as abortion, war, animal rights, and forcing your morality on others. I also discuss if an action which does not harm anyone can be immoral and if it is ever correct to say that one life is â€Å"worth more† than another. In addition, I give a method for establishing a belief about if another being possesses consciousness, which is useful in attempting to determine if we have an obligation to act morally towards that being. The fourth part is relatively independent of the rest of my discussion. In part four, I briefly discuss other alternative views about the nature and origin of morality. I touch on several topics. I discuss how a belief in God can be reconciled with the position which I advocate and why I think that it is not logically consistent to hold the opinion that a belief in God is necessary in order to believe in an objective morality. I discuss moral systems based on ideas like karma and perfect justice which are often associated with reincarnation. I also discuss a few other views regarding morality and what I think their flaws are. I talk about what I think is wrong with thinking of morality as just a social behavior which evolved to help our survival. I also discuss why I think that it is not possible to successfully base the foundation of a society on self interest or a social contract. I also mention why morality is much more than simply attempting to maximize a certain quantity such as happiness. Nowhere in my presentation do I discuss whether any particular religion is correct or incorrect. I limit my presentation to discussing the development of a belief in an objective morality without appealing to religious teachings. I do, though, show how my position can be reconciled with various religious beliefs. I also show how the definition of morality which I am about to give can be reconciled with the theory of evolution and natural selection. In addition, I discuss if moral beliefs improve in the long run with the passage of time. My definition of the word â€Å"morality† does not correspond to the way in which the word is usually used, but I believe that this definition closely approximates what â€Å"morality† is. In order to better explain my definition, I would first like to give an example of what â€Å"morality† is not. Suppose that a man comes home after shopping for food at a supermarket. When his son sees him, he comments on what good and moral people the owners of the supermarket must be. He remarks that the store owners must have been very kind and generous to give all this food to his family. How do you think that his father will answer? Clearly, the father will answer that the supermarket owners did not give him the food because they were kind or generous people, but because it was in their self interest to do so. Although the store owners might indeed be good and moral people, this action is in no way any indication of this. They did what they did because they believed that the action would profit them, and for no other reason. This action, the father would conclude, says nothing about the morality of the store owners. I will now give my definition. All actions can be placed into one of two categories. Some actions can belong to both of these groups simultaneously. However, all actions must belong to at least one of these categories. The first group consists of all actions which we do out of self interest while not harming others. Simple examples of this are riding a bicycle or watching television. These are activities which we engage in because we believe that these activities will benefit us. If an action belongs exclusively to this category, then it is of the same type as that of the supermarket owners in the previous example, and has nothing to do with morality. The second group consists of two types of behavior. The first type is behavior which either harms or intends to harm others. The second type is behavior which we engage in, not because we believe that it will somehow benefit us in the long run, but because we believe that it will benefit others. This includes any action we do, and any action which we refrain from doing, not for ourselves, but for others. It is with this second group of behaviors with which morality is concerned. Morality, then, is engaging in behavior, not out of self interest, but because it is in the interest of others. This is how I define morality. Many people would argue that altruistic actions belonging to the second group which I described do not exist. That is, they would argue that every action every person does is done out of self interest. If a man gives money to charity, they say, he does so only because he gets a warm and fuzzy feeling inside. If a woman donates blood, it is only because doing so makes her feel good about herself. This line of reasoning claims that all these seemingly benevolent actions are really done out of self interest. That is, people engage in such activities only to get these good internal feelings which they want. I disagree with such thinking. Although it is correct that a woman who gives to charity will probably obtain a warm and fuzzy feeling from doing so, it is incorrect to assume that this is the only reason why she engages in this activity. This is an example of an action which can simultaneously fit both of the groups which I described. That is, this woman may be giving to charity both because she feels good after doing so and because she wants to help others. In this case, so long as it is not done entirely out of self interest, it is still related to morality. Some actions which people engage in fall exclusively into my second category, and could never be explained in terms of self interest. An extreme example of this is when a person, who does not believe in an afterlife, makes a split second decision to give up his life for others, as in a case of a soldier throwing his body on a live hand grenade in order to save his comrades. There is no way to argue that the soldier is doing this because he seeks a warm and fuzzy feeling inside, since he is not going to live long enough to enjoy it. Human beings often attempt to persuade others into behaving a certain way by pointing out that it is in their self interest to do so. A police officer may say, for example, that you shouldn’t steal because there is a good chance that you will go to jail if you do. Similarly, a mother may tell her son that he will be punished if he his found misbehaving. None of this, though, in any way influences anyone to become a moral person. It just tells people how to behave in their own self interest. The only lesson this would impart on the child is that if he wants to avoid punishment, he should not misbehave. This will not prevent him from misbehaving the moment he knows that his parents aren’t watching, or after he grows up and moves out of his parents’ house. Similarly, this type of reasoning will not convince a person not to steal if he finds himself in a situation where the chances of being caught are small or non-existent. Nor is there, based on self interest alone, much reason for police officers, judges, and law makers to not abuse the power of their positions. What religions often do with regards to morality is to argue that it is always in a person’s self interest to behave â€Å"morally†. Some religions teach, for example, that if you engage in murder, rape, or torture, you will go to Hell. Others teach that if you engage in such activities you are going to have a very unfortunate next reincarnation. Others may believe that there is no life after death, but that you will be punished in this life for engaging in improper acts. However, this does not really tell anyone to be a moral person. This, again, just tells people how to behave in their self interest. If a woman refrains from killing other people only because she does not want to go to Hell, or if a man gives to charity only because he does not want to be reincarnated as an insect, then these activities have nothing to do with morality. As in the case of the supermarket owner, these people are just acting in their self interest. A religious person can, of course, be acting morally if he engages in activities for the purpose of benefiting others as well as seeking a reward. It is just that, as with the supermarket owner, although an action may have the side effect of benefiting other people, it is not related to morality if seeking a reward or avoiding a punishment is the only motivation. But then the questions before us are the following. Without making an appeal to religion, why is it that we â€Å"should† behave â€Å"morally†? Why is it that we â€Å"should† engage in activities which benefit others and refrain from activities which harm others? In a situation where which course of action is moral is itself a matter of debate, how is it possible, without using religious concepts, to persuasively argue that a particular answer is in fact the correct one. It is these types of questions which I will attempt to answer.

Social Exchange Theory Essay - 726 Words

Quinisha Williams Mrs. Garcia SP 200 A 6 November 2017 Social Exchange Theory The Social Exchange Theory was formally advanced in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the work of the sociologists George Homans (1961) and Peter Blau (1964) and the work of social psychologists John Thibaut and Harold Kelley (1959) (Social Exchange Theory). Social Exchange Theory would be classified as a psychological theory; which suggests that humans will make decisions in their relationships based on the recognized benefits and costs (Griffin). This suggestion declares that humans will analyze all social relationships they have to determine the benefits they will get out of that relationship at the time. The social exchange theory uses financial terms†¦show more content†¦When the company fails to provide their employees with financial and psychological resources, the employees would be more likely to disengage and remove themselves from the roles they were assigned (Social Exchange Theory). This theory is critiqued by many for assuming that people will always make logic al decisions. They may also mention that this abstract theory fails to capture the ability that emotion plays in our day to day lives and in the interaction we make with other people (Emerson). This theory also weakens the power of social ladders and strength, which unconsciously forms our awareness of the world we live in and our understanding we have with it, and the strong role it plays with forming the interactions we have with people (Revolvy). When we develop in a relationship, we may create new ideas of costs and benefits within that current relationship. Communicating those new needs could lower the chances of dissatisfaction within the relationship and risk of breakups in the relationship as well. It may also increase our wellbeing (Griffin). Furthermore, self- satisfaction within relationships we have can cause an increase in negative costs and minimize the positive rewards being exchanged within the relationship (Griffin).When we start a new relationship, it is our responsibility to let one or theShow MoreRelatedSocial Exchange Theory Essays1531 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Exchange Theory 2 Application of: The Social Exchange Theory In everyday interactions people are always looking to have a positive experience among those with whom they interact. According to the Social Exchange theory, with each interaction an individual has with another, that individual attempts to maximize the positive outcomes and minimize the negative. 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The Canadian Jazz Scene By John Sherwood - 1196 Words

It’s not every day that you’ll have a concert that starts off with a fire alarm and ends in a fire alarm as well. With the Brock U Encore! Concert â€Å"The Canadian Jazz Scene† presented by John Sherwood, on February 10th, 2017 that is exactly how it went. You could say that it was letting you know that the night was going to be an interesting one ahead. Alongside John Sherwood, his co-musicians were Kevin Turcotte (trumpeter), Patrick Collins (bassist), Terry Clarke (drummer), and Mike Murley (saxophonist). Before the concert started there was the sound of the fire alarm filling the FirstOntario Performance Art Center. Once the fire alarm was turned off we could enter the theater and take our seats. Once the concert began, Sherwood came out†¦show more content†¦Which makes sense that Turcotte and Murley would be able to get along so well with their music because they have played music together before in the past. One of which was back in Toronto at The Rex in 2013, who also had Clarke playing the piano. When the song was finally done, the quintet stopped for a bit to discuss which song that they would want to play next, which fit into the concert because Sherwood did say at the beginning of the concert that the entire concert would be improvised. Once they concluded together, Sherwood came back to the mic and explained that they will be doing a B-Bop version of Charlie Parker Ornithology. He then gave a bit of history of B-Bop, explaining that it is a song or songs written over older songs, to give them a new and refreshing sound to them. The song started off extremely powerful the drum coming forward as one of the main instruments being heard when the middle of the song came from everyone slowed down before only the drum was the only instrument to be heard by the audience. Clarke slowed down and created a new tempo, that almost seemed misplaced from the previous half of the song, once he started to gain the tempo from the previous half, all the other musicians started to join in al ong with the song, regaining speed matching the harmony that they had created at the beginning of the song. Once the third song was

Risk Management and Service User - 3383 Words

Anita Byrne ACV5222 UNIT 504 DEVELOP HEALTH AND SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT POLICIES, PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE OR CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE SETTINGS (M1) 1,1 understand the current legislative frame and organisational health, safety and risk management policies, procedures and practices that are relevant to health and social care or children and young peoples setting. As an organisation that manages health and safety we recognise that the relationship between controlling risks and general health is at the very centre of the business itself. The starting point for managing health and safety in the workplace which: †¢ demonstrates the practices commitment to health and safety and sets out†¦show more content†¦When staff discovered this, they informed senior staff who tried to explain why their actions could not be allowed to carry on as staff who helps the service user make her bed may sustain an injury. The family could not see that we have a legal requirement to work within the safety of the health and safety legislation. I did suggest that we highlight a repair/maintenance job for the bed to be lowered that is safe to use for both the service user and staff. Also within the workplace before an activity can be undertaken we are required to complete a risk assessment and any areas where we need to put safety measures in to limit the potential risks then this must be done before the activity can take place as well as demonstrating that we need to monitor staff’s working practices and review and update the risk assessment at the appropriate times. In delivering a registered care service all staff must have mandatory health and safety training before completing any given task whether this be fire safety, food hygiene, manual handling, infection control, first aid etc. if staff have not received this training then they cannot complete the task, thus ensuring that all service user’s welfare are giving top priority in line with quality and safety outcomes. As the acting registered care manager I need to complete regular health and safetyShow MoreRelatedRisk Of Harm And Abuse1525 Words   |  7 PagesLEARNING OUTCOME 3 3.1 EXTENT TO WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE AT RISK OF HARM It would be untrue to claim that the care provided to service users protects them from risk. In fact, the care that service users receive could put them at risk of harm and abuse. Service users are exposed to risks like everybody else, except they might experience it to a different extent. These risks include but are not limited to the below; A. 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Bargaining Power of Suppliers Aggregation Of Supply free essay sample

BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIER †¢Bargaining power is the ability to influence the setting of prices. †¢The more concentrated and controlled the supply, the more power it wields against the market. †¢Monopolistics or quasi-monopolistic suppliers will use their power to extract better terms (higher profit margins or ) at the expense of the market. †¢In a truly competitive market, no one supplier can set the prices. Aggregation of Supply †¢Suppliers can group to wield more bargaining power. †¢This aggregation can take different shapes. †¢Cartels try to influence prices to their own advantage. In most developed countries cartels are illegal. †¢Sometimes suppliers have secret collusion agreements that are difficult to prosecute. †¢In most developed countries, a watchdog is responsible to protect well functioning markets from excessive supply aggregation. †¢Cartels, like monopolists, will prefer higher prices (i. e. higher profit margins) at lower quantity, thus choosing a point on the supply curve that will not supply for all the buyers that would buy at the lower free market price. Examples Industries facing powerful suppliers: The PC making industry faces the almost monopolistic power of operating system supplier. Microsoft has abused its power a number of times and had to be reined in by competition watchdogs all over the world. †¢Industries using diamonds, such as jewelry and electronics, face the huge power of DeBeers, that takes advantage of the supply concentration to achive dominant market share Industries facing weak suppliers: †¢Food processors can buy agricultural produce from many, weak small and medium farmers. †¢Retail stores can fill their shelves with many competing products from different producers. Airlines face a duopoly of two equally powerful competitors (like Airbus and Boeing in the aviation industry). Although they are both big and powerful, the threat of substitution is enough to keep their power at bay. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYER †¢Bargaining power is the ability to influence the setting of prices. †¢Monopsonist ic or quasi-monopsonistic buyers will use their power to extract better terms (higher profit margins or ) at the expense of the market. †¢In a truly competitive market, no one buyer can set the prices. Instead they are set by supply and demand. Prices are set by supply and demand and the market reaches the Pareto-optimal point where the highest possible number of buyers are satisfied at a price that still allow for the supplier to be profitable. Supply and Demand †¢The supply curve is the relationship between price and supplied quantity. Normally, the higher the price, the higher the supplied quantity as more supplier will be interested to produce and sell at a higher price. †¢The demand curve is the relationship between price and demanded quantity. Normally, the lower the price, the higher the demanded quantity as buyers will be willing to buy more at a lower price. In a truly competitive market, supply and demand meet at the price where the supplied quantity equals the demanded quantity. †¢If supplied quantity is higher, price will fall. †¢If demanded quantity is higher, price will raise. Examples Industries facing powerful buyers: †¢Defense contractors have a limited set of politically motivated buyers (governments). †¢Sub contractors to car makers have a limited set of potential clients, each commanding a large share of their market. Industries facing weak buyers: †¢Retailers face individual consumers with little or no power at all. BARRIERS TO ENTRY Barriers to entry are obstacles on the way of potential new entrant to enter the market and compete with the incumbents. * The difficulties of entering a market can shelter the incumbents against new entrants. * Incumbents profits are potentially higher than in a truly competitive market, at the expenses of their suppliers and buyers. * The higher the barriers to entry, the more power in the hand of the incumbents. The two most important barriers to entry are: * Capital requirements * Government policy and regulations There are plenty of other potential barriers that might scare new entrants away: * Proprietary products and knowledge Access to inputs and distribution * Economies of scale and other cost advantages * Switching costs and brand identity Examples Industries with high barriers of entry: * Car making: high upfront capital investment in manufacturing equipment; compliance with safety and emission rules and regulation, access to parts suppliers, development of a network of car dealerships, big marketing campaign to establish a new car brand with consumers. * Mining: access to inputs restricted through natural distribution and government licenses, very specific/proprietary exploration knowledge, big investment in machinery. Industries with low barriers of entry: * Computer Hardware retailing: everybody can start a home-based mail order business for computer parts. It takes little government permits, wholesaler are open for every reseller, there is no need to keep large stock, information is freely available on the internet. * Photography Services: little initial capital investment, no regulation, no economies of scale (the limiting factors are the photographers time and his geographical location). BARRIERS TO EXIT †¢Barriers to exit are obstacles to market players who realize that they will not turn a profit and would like to quit the market. The difficulties of exiting a market can force a player to keep competing as the least bad alternative. †¢The increased competition affects negatively the other incumbents. †¢Incumbents profits are potentially lower than in a truly competitive market, to the advantage of buyers. The most important barrier to exit is the lack of alternative, more prof itable use of the assets in which the business has already invested. The costs of producing a product or service can be roughly split into fixed and variable costs. †¢Fixed costs represent the up front investment in machinery and other assets needed to produce the product or service. Variable costs represent the additional per unit costs, labor and material. From an economic perspective, it makes sense to produce and sell an additional unit of product or service if the revenue generated covers at least for the variable costs. What is left beyond covering variable costs is a contribution to reduce the loss on the assets. Examples Industries with high barriers to exit: †¢Wireless Telecom: the production of an additional minute of wireless call costs virtually nothing, most costs being up front investment in expensive equipment deployment. Air Travel: adding a passenger to a scheduled airplane cost just a little bit of kerosene, as opposed to the huge cost of idle airplanes. Industries with low barriers to exit: †¢Retail: inventory can be moved to more profitable markets or liquidated. †¢Personal care services: labor is the most important price factor for these services. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTION †¢On a free market, buyers have the choice if there is a viable alternative. †¢Substitute source. The exactly same product is sourced by two or more distributors. †¢Full substitute products are products from different manufacturers that fulfill the exact same purpose. For example Kellogs corn flakes and generic brand corn flakes. †¢Partial substitues are products that only partially substitute each other. A holiday in Venice is not exactly the same as a holiday in Amsterdam, even though they are both cities and they both feature channels. Protecting against substitution †¢Distributors may try to protect themselves against substitution with exclusive distribution agreements. Buyers circumvent them with so called grey market imports. †¢Producers may try to protect their products with strong branding, trade marks, patents and other psychological and legal barriers against substitutes. Another way to protect from substitution is to make the products incompatible with competing products. An example are the different lens systems for SLR cameras. †¢In general, protectionism against substitutes is bad for the consumer/buyer and good for the seller. Examples Products/services facing a strong threat of substitution: †¢Washing powde r. A dozen of brands sitting on the shelves and waiting for consumers to pick them up. Consumer will often pick up the one that is on special on shopping day. †¢Retail Outlets. Dont like Wal*Mart? Shop at Carrefour. Products/services facing a weak threat of substitution: †¢Oil. Although alternative forms of energy are being studied and introduced, most engines today run on gasoline. Gasoline can not be replaced that quickly on a large scale. †¢Pharmaceuticals in the short term, because they are protected by patents. In the long term, generics can dent their market share and profits. ( http://www. photopla. net/wwp0503/substitutes. php) Barriers To Entry Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitably. They seek to protect the monopoly power of existing (incumbent) firms in an industry and therefore maintain supernormal (monopoly) profits in the long run. Barriers to entry have the effect of making a market less contestable The economist Joseph Stigler defined an entry barrier as A cost of producing (at some or every rate of output) which must be borne by a firm which seeks to enter an industry but is not borne by firms already in the industry This emphasises the asymmetry in costs between the incumbent firm (already inside the market) and the potential entrant. If the existing businesses have managed to exploit some of the economies of scale that are available to firms in a particular industry, they have developed a cost advantage over potential entrants. They might use this advantage to cut prices if and when new suppliers enter the market, moving away from short run profit maximisation objectives but designed to inflict losses on new firms and protect their market position in the long run. EXAMPLES OF BARRIERS TO ENTRY Patents Giving the firm the legal protection to produce a patented product for a number of years (see below) Limit Pricing Firms may adopt predatory pricing policies by lowering prices to a level that would force any new entrants to operate at a loss Cost advantages Lower costs, perhaps through experience of being in the market for some time, allows the existing monopolist to cut prices and win price wars Advertising and marketing Developing consumer loyalty by establishing branded products can make successful entry into the market by new firms much more expensive. This is particularly important in markets such as cosmetics, confectionery and the motor car industry. Research and Development expenditure Heavy spending on research and development can act as a strong deterrent to potential entrants to an industry. Clearly much R spending goes on developing new products (see patents above) but there are also important spill-over effects which allow firms to improve their production processes and reduce unit costs. This makes the existing firms more competitive in the market and gives them a structural advantage over potential rival firms. Presence of sunk costs Some industries have very high start-up costs or a high ratio of fixed to variable costs. Some of these costs might be unrecoverable if an entrant opts to leave the market. This acts as a disincentive to enter the industry. International trade restrictions Trade restrictions such as tariffs and quotas should also be considered as a barrier to the entry of international competition in protected domestic markets. Sunk Costs Sunk Costs are costs that cannot be recovered if a businesses decides to leave an industry Examples include: Capital inputs that are specific to a particular industry and which have little or no resale value Money spent on advertising / marketing / research which cannot be carried forward into another market or industry When sunk costs are high, a market becomes less contestable. High sunk costs (including exit costs) act as a barrier to entry of new firms (they risk making huge losses if they decide to leave a market). A good example of substantial sunk costs occurred in 2001 when British Telecom announced it was scrapping its loss-making joint venture with US telecoms firm AT. The closure was estimated to lead to the loss of 2,300 jobs almost 40% of Concerts workforce. And, it will cost BT $2bn (? 1. 4bn) in impairment charges and restructuring costs, and ATT $5. 3bn.

White Angel By Michael Cunningham an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

White Angel By Michael Cunningham Michael Cunningham was known for his enthusiasm in presenting the truths behind human realities in his written creations. He has been known as a multi-awarded writer who for so many ways, amidst the fact that he is a gay, have touched the hearts of his readers as to how they primarily perceive the real effects of human relationships within the personality developments of the individuals in the society. Their emotional perception of the different situations in the human environment has actually created a clarified presentation of the different characters of the stories that he has written. Need essay sample on "White Angel By Michael Cunningham" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed His story of the White Angel depicts the fact that there are those people who see more than what the actual situations perceive of a particular human individual. It could be noted that this story is indeed a touching scenario of a younger child who is able to see beyond what is actually seen from his brother. The emotional presentations herein were made strong through the fact that there are different metaphorical classifications used by the author to continuously deepen the effects of the scenarios that are supposed to picture the emotions of the characters. Undergraduates Usually Tell EssayLab specialists:How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay online?Professional writers suggest:Top Rated Essay Writing Service Hire Writers For Blogs Cheap Essay Help University Essay Writing Service This particular reading have received an award in the name of Cunningham as one of the most read and best written short stories in the American regions literature collections. Cunningham has actually been able to send the best ideas he had with regards brotherhood and love between blood-relatives that surpasses any sort of disabilities on the part of the personalities of the characters that he has used in the story. The story of Cunningham actually talks about a younger child idolizing his older brother who for some point is not that admirable at all to other people in their community. Why is this so? This is primarily because of the fact that his brother is known for his addiction in drugs and liquor as well as for the fact that he loves rock and roll music, which was before known as a type of music loved by the rebellious generations. Constantly seeing this fact about his brother however did not change his view of his brother at any point. It could be noted that through the development of the story, the younger child continued to search for something good in his brother. The faith that he has upon the older boy actually helped him in seeing what is beyond what the others see in his brother. Through the said presentation, Cunningham was able to identify the thicker sort of the effect of blood-relativity compared to that of the reactions that the world may actually imply on several individuals in the society. Those who are related to the said personalities, whether they are seen by the world as pests, it could be observed that families remain as the strong wall of support for the helpless and hopeless people in the society today. Understanding and Analyzing the Story Cunningham has already made a vague reputation in the world of American literature. It could be noted that through this particular short story, he was able to relieve that particular reputation that he has been carrying through the years of his writing profession. The metaphorical presentations that he has made use of in the completion of this particular story has been noted as one of the most impacting presentation that he has adapted to strengthen the emotional encounters in the story. The utilization of the different elements of nature to particularly represent the deepened emotional impact of the different scenarios among the characters situational positioning through the completion of the entire story. Along side the usage of the environmental elements such as the weather and the stillness of the night, he was also able to utilize the different items that existed within the environment of the characters to be able to help the readers picture in a much vivid appearance, what the characters actually feel about their different encounters in the story. The title was indeed suitable for the story as it depicts the theory that a young child as that of the one idolizing his brother amidst all the personality defects that he has as seen by the society serves as the mirror of the actual good insights of the other person. Since a young child believes on the undoubted faith that a person actually has a good side, the title of this short story is indeed appealing to most readers. This is true particularly to those readers who are in many ways able to conclude at the first glance of the title that the story would be about faithful innocence that is to be presented through one of the characters in a particular written work. Upon reading this material, it could be noted that there are different issues that has been presented that actually affects the family setting that is particularly present in the society today. It could be noted that this story presents an actual hopeful claim that there may still be something good within the personality of those people who are particularly affected by the different worldly influences of the society today. As the author himself noted in the preface of the story: life is different in the eyes of the young and innocent ones, they always see the good beyond the bad (Cunningahm, 25). The innocence of children has been used in this story as one of the primary reasons why the world still hopes for change among people who are obviously wronged by the society because of their characteristic and because of their works. The emotional impact of the story among the readers certainly strengthens the though that people who have been directed to the wrong path of living still posses a chance of changing their ways for the sake of those people who believe that they can indeed still change for good. Conclusion Writing and the collected literatures of the world certainly have different effects among people within the present society. Constant attention given to the focus of their themes and the impact of the presented stories with the lives of the people in the present society shall help readers understand what the messages of the stories actually want to convey. This is particularly why the different writings of Cunningham received different recognitions around the world. His writings and the approach that he uses in presenting his stories creates a reputation for his to take strong stand on the things that he believes in and thus affect the human society directly. As it could be noted through this analysis, his story on the White Angel actually affected the views of people as to how others should be seen amidst all the personality defects that they may have incurred in life. References: Cunningham, Michael. (1989). Bookclub in a box. Bookclub-In-A-Box; 2nd edition.